Table 3 - Semantic Scales
Excel | CSV
| Arnold |
Effectiveness |
|
|
|
|
Minimal |
Average |
Maximum |
|
|
| Arnold |
Cost |
|
|
|
|
Inexpensive |
Average |
Expensive |
|
|
| Arnold |
Implementation |
|
|
|
|
Easy |
Average |
Difficult |
|
|
| Arnold |
Acceptability |
|
|
|
No |
Yes |
|
|
|
|
| Downs |
Effectiveness |
Extent |
|
|
|
Narrow |
Variable |
Broad |
|
|
| Downs |
Effectiveness |
Impact |
|
|
|
Little |
Moderate |
Great |
|
|
| Downs |
Cost |
Direct to commuters |
|
|
None |
Minor |
Moderate |
Great |
|
|
| Downs |
Cost |
To all of society |
|
|
None |
Minor |
Moderate |
Great |
|
|
| Downs |
Implementation |
Required institution |
|
|
None |
Cooperative |
Regional |
|
|
|
| Downs |
Implementation |
Ease of administration |
|
|
|
Easy |
Moderate |
Hard |
|
|
| Downs |
Acceptability |
|
|
|
|
Poor |
Moderate |
Good |
|
|
| Zupan |
Effectiveness |
SOV reduction |
|
|
None / varies / unknown |
Low |
Medium |
High |
|
|
| Zupan |
Effectiveness |
Peak trip reduction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Zupan |
Effectiveness |
VMT reduction |
Highly negative |
Negative |
|
Positive |
|
|
|
|
| Zupan |
Effectiveness |
Transit impact |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Zupan |
Cost |
Employee |
|
Lower |
Same / none / varies / unknown / not applicable |
|
|
|
|
|
| Zupan |
Cost |
Employer |
|
|
|
Higher |
|
|
|
|
| Zupan |
Cost |
Public capital |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Zupan |
Implementation |
|
|
|
Unknown / not applicable |
Difficult to Easy |
Difficult to Easy |
Difficult to Easy |
Difficult to Easy |
Difficult to Easy |
| Zupan |
Acceptability |
Employee |
|
|
Varies / unknown / not applicable |
Low |
Medium |
High |
|
|
| Zupan |
Acceptability |
Employer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Zupan |
Acceptability |
Municipal |
|
Negative |
|
Positive |
|
|
|
|
| Zupan |
Acceptability |
Public |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* significant at 0.01 level
** significant at 0.05 level
*** 1.00 < t < 2.00
d.f. = degrees of freedom
HOV = high-occupancy vechicle
NA = not applicable
SOV = single-occupancy vehicle
SRSD = studentized residual
TDM = travel demand management
TMA = transportation management association
TSM = transportation system management
U = data are unavailable
VHT = vehicle hours of travel
VMT = vehicle-miles traveled
* Significant at 95% confidence interval.
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