Table 3 - Semantic Scales
| Author | Variable | Component | Numeric values (initial assignment) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
| Arnold | Effectiveness | Minimal | Average | Maximum | ||||||
| Arnold | Cost | Inexpensive | Average | Expensive | ||||||
| Arnold | Implementation | Easy | Average | Difficult | ||||||
| Arnold | Acceptability | No | Yes | |||||||
| Downs | Effectiveness | Extent | Narrow | Variable | Broad | |||||
| Downs | Effectiveness | Impact | Little | Moderate | Great | |||||
| Downs | Cost | Direct to commuters | None | Minor | Moderate | Great | ||||
| Downs | Cost | To all of society | None | Minor | Moderate | Great | ||||
| Downs | Implementation | Required institution | None | Cooperative | Regional | |||||
| Downs | Implementation | Ease of administration | Easy | Moderate | Hard | |||||
| Downs | Acceptability | Poor | Moderate | Good | ||||||
| Zupan | Effectiveness | SOV reduction | None / varies / unknown | Low | Medium | High | ||||
| Zupan | Effectiveness | Peak trip reduction | ||||||||
| Zupan | Effectiveness | VMT reduction | Highly negative | Negative | Positive | |||||
| Zupan | Effectiveness | Transit impact | ||||||||
| Zupan | Cost | Employee | Lower | Same / none / varies / unknown / not applicable | ||||||
| Zupan | Cost | Employer | Higher | |||||||
| Zupan | Cost | Public capital | ||||||||
| Zupan | Implementation | Unknown / not applicable | Difficult to Easy | Difficult to Easy | Difficult to Easy | Difficult to Easy | Difficult to Easy | |||
| Zupan | Acceptability | Employee | Varies / unknown / not applicable | Low | Medium | High | ||||
| Zupan | Acceptability | Employer | ||||||||
| Zupan | Acceptability | Municipal | Negative | Positive | ||||||
| Zupan | Acceptability | Public | ||||||||
* significant at 0.01 level
** significant at 0.05 level
*** 1.00 < t < 2.00
d.f. = degrees of freedom
HOV = high-occupancy vechicle
NA = not applicable
SOV = single-occupancy vehicle
SRSD = studentized residual
TDM = travel demand management
TMA = transportation management association
TSM = transportation system management
U = data are unavailable
VHT = vehicle hours of travel
VMT = vehicle-miles traveled
* Significant at 95% confidence interval.
Updated: Saturday, May 20, 2017