Table A-1 Arnold Data
| Congestion-reducing measures | Effectiveness | Cost | Implementation | Number of agencies reporting use of measure | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of agencies | Mean score | Number of agencies | Mean score | Number of agencies | Mean score | |||||||||||
| 0 = Minimum | 1 = Average | 2 = Maximum | Sum | 0 = Inexpensive | 1 = Average | 2 = Expensive | Sum | 0 = Easy | 1 = Average | 2 = Difficult | Sum | |||||
| Increasing supply/adding capacity: Reconstructing highways with improved design | 3 | 18 | 37 | 58 | 1.59 | 2 | 16 | 39 | 57 | 1.65 | 4 | 26 | 26 | 56 | 1.39 | 64 |
| Increasing supply/adding capacity: Constructing new highways | 2 | 11 | 39 | 52 | 1.71 | 1 | 5 | 45 | 51 | 1.86 | 4 | 23 | 23 | 50 | 1.38 | 56 |
| Increasing supply/adding capacity: Widening by adding general purpose lanes | 2 | 18 | 25 | 45 | 1.51 | 1 | 20 | 24 | 45 | 1.51 | 4 | 24 | 17 | 45 | 1.29 | 51 |
| Increasing supply/adding capacity: Providing highway grade separations | 0 | 6 | 20 | 26 | 1.77 | 0 | 3 | 23 | 26 | 1.88 | 2 | 8 | 16 | 26 | 1.54 | 27 |
| Increasing supply/adding capacity: Providing railroad grade separations | 1 | 10 | 14 | 25 | 1.52 | 0 | 3 | 21 | 24 | 1.88 | 3 | 11 | 10 | 24 | 1.29 | 26 |
| Increasing supply/adding capacity: Toll-based financing to expedite new facility construction | 0 | 5 | 11 | 16 | 1.69 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 16 | 1.38 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 16 | 1.56 | 13 |
| Increasing supply/adding capacity: Constructing HOV lanes | 1 | 1 | 7 | 9 | 1.67 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 1.50 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 1.70 | 9 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Intersection improvements (channelization, turn lanes, signing, bus stop relocation) | 2 | 40 | 26 | 68 | 1.35 | 10 | 47 | 8 | 65 | 0.97 | 23 | 36 | 5 | 64 | 0.72 | 75 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Other signal improvements, including hardware, upgrades, retiming, removal | 4 | 37 | 24 | 65 | 1.31 | 17 | 45 | 3 | 65 | 0.78 | 44 | 20 | 0 | 64 | 0.31 | 71 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Coordinated signal systems (arterial, grid, closed loop) | 0 | 27 | 35 | 62 | 1.56 | 11 | 46 | 2 | 59 | 0.85 | 32 | 21 | 5 | 58 | 0.53 | 66 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Removing/restricting on-street parking | 9 | 29 | 21 | 59 | 1.20 | 46 | 11 | 0 | 57 | 0.19 | 20 | 23 | 16 | 59 | 0.93 | 64 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Traffic management during reconstruction or other major improvements | 10 | 34 | 12 | 56 | 1.04 | 14 | 33 | 7 | 54 | 0.87 | 27 | 20 | 5 | 52 | 0.58 | 60 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Turn prohibitions | 9 | 33 | 11 | 53 | 1.04 | 46 | 7 | 0 | 53 | 0.13 | 31 | 17 | 4 | 52 | 0.48 | 59 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Improving other traffic control devices | 8 | 31 | 11 | 50 | 1.06 | 20 | 26 | 3 | 49 | 0.65 | 30 | 19 | 1 | 50 | 0.42 | 54 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: One-way streets | 4 | 26 | 15 | 45 | 1.24 | 22 | 21 | 0 | 43 | 0.49 | 13 | 21 | 9 | 43 | 0.91 | 52 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Prohibiting maintenance/repairs on major routesduring peak traffic hours | 2 | 13 | 35 | 50 | 1.66 | 27 | 22 | 1 | 50 | 0.48 | 31 | 17 | 1 | 49 | 0.39 | 52 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Providing additional lanes w/o widening (shoulders, narrower lanes) | 2 | 16 | 16 | 34 | 1.41 | 15 | 14 | 6 | 35 | 0.74 | 15 | 15 | 4 | 34 | 0.68 | 34 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Arterial access management | 6 | 5 | 7 | 18 | 1.06 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 17 | 0.35 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 17 | 1.06 | 19 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Incident detection/management system/program | 0 | 13 | 1 | 14 | 1.07 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 13 | 0.77 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 13 | 0.77 | 14 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Traffic surveillance/control system | 0 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 1.56 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 9 | 1.11 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 8 | 1.00 | 12 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Traffic management team | 2 | 7 | 3 | 12 | 1.08 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 13 | 0.54 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 13 | 0.46 | 11 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Converting existing facilities to HOV facilities | 1 | 6 | 4 | 11 | 1.27 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 11 | 1.00 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 11 | 1.45 | 8 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Goods' movement management | 3 | 6 | 0 | 9 | 0.67 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 8 | 0.50 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 9 | 1.22 | 8 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Motorist information system | 1 | 5 | 2 | 8 | 1.13 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 9 | 1.00 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 0.56 | 7 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Ramp metering | 1 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 0.86 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 8 | 1.13 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 1.00 | 6 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Reversible traffic lanes on arterials | 1 | 6 | 3 | 10 | 1.20 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 10 | 0.80 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 10 | 1.00 | 5 |
| Managing existing supply/using existing capacity more efficiently: Integrated freeway and arterial surveillance/control system | 0 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 1.38 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 1.43 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 1.14 | 3 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Providing public information on rideshare/transit | 14 | 18 | 5 | 37 | 0.76 | 22 | 15 | 0 | 37 | 0.41 | 30 | 5 | 1 | 36 | 0.19 | 40 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Park and ride lots | 6 | 20 | 10 | 36 | 1.11 | 6 | 25 | 4 | 35 | 0.94 | 9 | 22 | 4 | 35 | 0.86 | 40 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Implementing/improving transit fixed-route services | 9 | 19 | 3 | 31 | 0.81 | 7 | 17 | 7 | 31 | 1.00 | 16 | 12 | 3 | 31 | 0.58 | 34 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Daily flexible work hours (staggered/flextime) | 4 | 18 | 9 | 31 | 1.16 | 25 | 6 | 0 | 31 | 0.19 | 18 | 10 | 3 | 31 | 0.52 | 33 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Implementing/improving paratransit services | 13 | 13 | 2 | 28 | 0.61 | 3 | 17 | 8 | 28 | 1.18 | 10 | 14 | 4 | 28 | 0.79 | 32 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Commuter matching services | 7 | 14 | 8 | 29 | 1.03 | 12 | 17 | 0 | 29 | 0.59 | 17 | 9 | 2 | 28 | 0.46 | 31 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Subsidizing transit usage | 8 | 16 | 4 | 28 | 0.86 | 3 | 16 | 10 | 29 | 1.24 | 14 | 12 | 3 | 29 | 0.62 | 28 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Promoting nonvehicular alternatives to auto usage | 11 | 13 | 3 | 27 | 0.70 | 8 | 15 | 3 | 26 | 0.81 | 10 | 13 | 4 | 27 | 0.78 | 26 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Alternative work hours (compressed workweek) | 4 | 17 | 1 | 22 | 0.86 | 19 | 3 | 0 | 22 | 0.14 | 13 | 5 | 3 | 21 | 0.52 | 23 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Implementing express bus services | 3 | 12 | 7 | 22 | 1.18 | 2 | 12 | 7 | 21 | 1.24 | 6 | 11 | 4 | 21 | 0.90 | 22 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Implementing transportation management associations | 5 | 11 | 1 | 17 | 0.76 | 6 | 12 | 0 | 18 | 0.67 | 5 | 13 | 0 | 18 | 0.72 | 19 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Car/vanpool preferential parking | 3 | 12 | 4 | 19 | 1.05 | 13 | 4 | 1 | 18 | 0.33 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 17 | 0.47 | 19 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Communication in lieu of travel (teleconferencing) | 6 | 10 | 2 | 18 | 0.78 | 10 | 8 | 0 | 18 | 0.44 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 18 | 0.56 | 17 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Reducing or not increasing transit fares | 3 | 9 | 1 | 13 | 0.85 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 14 | 1.14 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 14 | 0.71 | 13 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Tax incentives for vanpools | 3 | 7 | 1 | 11 | 0.82 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 11 | 0.73 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 11 | 0.82 | 12 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Guaranteed ride home program | 10 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 0.31 | 9 | 4 | 0 | 13 | 0.31 | 9 | 4 | 0 | 13 | 0.31 | 11 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Communication in lieu of travel (telecommuting) | 2 | 10 | 0 | 12 | 0.83 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 12 | 0.67 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 12 | 0.83 | 11 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Government control of parking supply and location | 4 | 5 | 0 | 9 | 0.56 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 0.67 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 9 | 0.78 | 11 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Implementing/improving rail transit services | 1 | 5 | 4 | 10 | 1.30 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 1.55 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 11 | 1.27 | 10 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Reduced tolls for ridesharers | 4 | 7 | 1 | 12 | 0.75 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 12 | 0.58 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 0.67 | 7 |
| Managing/reducing existing demand: Differential parking rates | 3 | 5 | 0 | 8 | 0.63 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 0.50 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 8 | 0.50 | 7 |
| Avoiding/controlling demand growth: Growth management by public policy/ordinance/planning | 5 | 29 | 8 | 42 | 1.07 | 17 | 21 | 4 | 42 | 0.69 | 3 | 18 | 20 | 41 | 1.41 | 41 |
| Avoiding/controlling demand growth: Auto-restricted zones | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1.25 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1.00 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1.25 | 25 |
| Avoiding/controlling demand growth: Designing multiuse sites to minimize traffic | 3 | 13 | 2 | 18 | 0.94 | 5 | 12 | 1 | 18 | 0.78 | 5 | 12 | 1 | 18 | 0.78 | 18 |
| Avoiding/controlling demand growth: Mandatory trip reduction for new developments | 2 | 6 | 4 | 12 | 1.17 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 11 | 0.55 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 1.42 | 11 |
| Avoiding/controlling demand growth: Road/congestion pricing | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1.00 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1.50 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1.00 | 1 |
| Averages: Add supply | 1.3 | 9.9 | 21.9 | 33 | 1.62 | 1 | 8 | 23.7 | 32.7 | 1.69 | 2.6 | 14.3 | 15.6 | 32.4 | 1.40 | 35.1 |
| Averages: TSM | 3.3 | 17.5 | 11.7 | 32.4 | 1.26 | 13.4 | 15.9 | 2.5 | 31.8 | 0.66 | 14.8 | 12.9 | 3.8 | 31.5 | 0.65 | 34 |
| Averages: TDM | 5.9 | 11.6 | 3.2 | 20.6 | 0.87 | 8.1 | 9.9 | 2.6 | 20.6 | 0.73 | 9.8 | 8.4 | 2.3 | 20.5 | 0.63 | 21.2 |
| Averages: Growth control | 2.2 | 10.2 | 3.2 | 15.6 | 1.06 | 5.6 | 8.4 | 1.4 | 15.4 | 0.73 | 1.8 | 8 | 5.6 | 15.4 | 1.25 | 19.2 |
| All | 4.3 | 13.8 | 6.7 | 24.9 | 1.10 | 10 | 12.2 | 2.4 | 24.6 | 0.69 | 10.9 | 10.2 | 3.3 | 24.4 | 0.69 | 26.3 |
* significant at 0.01 level
** significant at 0.05 level
*** 1.00 < t < 2.00
d.f. = degrees of freedom
HOV = high-occupancy vechicle
NA = not applicable
SOV = single-occupancy vehicle
SRSD = studentized residual
TDM = travel demand management
TMA = transportation management association
TSM = transportation system management
U = data are unavailable
VHT = vehicle hours of travel
VMT = vehicle-miles traveled
* Significant at 95% confidence interval.
Updated: Saturday, May 20, 2017