Table A-2 Downs Data
| Congestion reducing policies | Effectiveness | Cost | Implementation | Political acceptability | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extent | Impact | Direct to commuters | To all society | Required institution | Ease of administration | ||
| Supply-side: Coordinating signals, TV monitoring, ramp signals, electronic signs, converting streets to one-way | Narrow | Minor | None | Minor | None | Moderate | Good |
| Supply-side: Rapidly removing accidents | Variable | Great | None | Minor | None | Easy | Good |
| Supply-side: Improving highway maintenance | Broad | Moderate | None | Moderate | None | Moderate | Moderate |
| Supply-side: Upgrading city streets | Variable | Moderate | None | Moderate | None | Easy | Moderate |
| Supply-side: Increasing public transit usage by improving service, amenities | Narrow | Minor | None | Moderate | None | Hard | Moderate |
| Supply-side: Building added HOV lanes | Variable | Moderate | None | Great | Cooperative | Hard | Moderate |
| Supply-side: Building new and expanding existing off-road transit systems | Narrow | Moderate | Minor | Great | Cooperative | Hard | Poor |
| Supply-side: Building new roads without HOV lanes | Variable | Moderate | None | Great | Cooperative | Moderate | Poor |
| Demand-side: Adopting local growth limits | Narrow | Minor | None | Minor | None | Easy | Good |
| Demand-side: Encouraging people to work at home | Broad | Minor | None | None | None | Moderate | Good |
| Demand-side: Changing federal work laws that discourage working at home | Broad | Minor | None | Minor | None | Moderate | Moderate |
| Demand-side: Clustering high-density housing near transit station stops | Narrow | Minor | None | Minor | Cooperative | Hard | Moderate |
| Demand-side: Encouraging formation of TMAs, promoting ride sharing | Narrow | Moderate | None | Minor | Cooperative | Hard | Moderate |
| Demand-side: Staggered work hours | Variable | Minor | None | None | Cooperative | Moderate | Moderate |
| Demand-side: Providing income tax deductability for commuting allowances | Variable | Great | None | Minor | None | Easy | Poor |
| Demand-side: Increasing gasoline taxes | Broad | Moderate | Great | Moderate | None | Easy | Poor |
| Demand-side: Increasing automobile license fees | Broad | Minor | Moderate | Minor | None | Easy | Poor |
| Demand-side: Eliminating income tax deductabilitiy of free employee parking | Broad | Great | Great | None | Cooperative | Moderate | Poor |
| Demand-side: Instituting peak-hour tolls on main roads | Broad | Great | Great | None | Regional | Moderate | Poor |
| Demand-side: Keeping densities in new growth areas above minimal levels | Broad | Moderate | None | Minor | Regional | Hard | Poor |
| Demand-side: Improving the job-housing balance | Broad | Minor | None | Moderate | Regional | Hard | Poor |
| Demand-side: Concentrating jobs in big clusters in areas of new growth | Narrow | Minor | None | Great | Regional | Hard | Poor |
| Demand-side: Parking tax on peak-hour arrivals | Broad | Great | Great | None | Regional | Hard | Poor |
* significant at 0.01 level
** significant at 0.05 level
*** 1.00 < t < 2.00
d.f. = degrees of freedom
HOV = high-occupancy vechicle
NA = not applicable
SOV = single-occupancy vehicle
SRSD = studentized residual
TDM = travel demand management
TMA = transportation management association
TSM = transportation system management
U = data are unavailable
VHT = vehicle hours of travel
VMT = vehicle-miles traveled
* Significant at 95% confidence interval.
Updated: Saturday, May 20, 2017