Table A-3 Zupan Data
| TDM Solutions | Effectiveness | Cost | Acceptance | Ease of implementation index | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOV reduction | Peak trip reduction | VMT reduction | Transit impact | Employee | Employer | Public capital | Employee | Employer | Municipal | Political | ||
| Alternative work schedules: Staggered | None | High | None | None | Same | Higher | Same | High | Low | High | High | 3 |
| Alternative work schedules: Flex-time | Negative | High | Negative | Negative | Same | Higher | Same | High | Low | High | High | 4 |
| Alternative work schedules: Telecommuting | Positive | Positive | Positive | Highly neg. | Lower | Unknown | Same | Unknown | Unknown | High | Medium | Unknown |
| Alternative work schedules: Four-day week | Medium | Medium | High | Highly neg. | Lower | Unknown | Same | Medium | Low | High | Medium | 3 |
| Alternative modes: Carpools | High | Medium | Medium | Negative | Lower | Varies | Same | Low | Medium | High | High | 3 |
| Alternative modes: Vanpools | Medium | Low | Low | Negative | Lower | Higher | Same | Low | Low | High | High | 2 |
| Alternative modes: Subscription buses | Low | Low | Low | Positive | Lower | Higher | Same | Low | Low | High | Medium | 2 |
| Parking management: Preferential parking | Low | Low | Low | None | Same | Higher | Same | Low | Low | High | High | 2 |
| Parking management: Parking pricing | Medium | Medium | Medium | Low | Higher | Same | Same | Negative | Low | Negative | Negative | 1 |
| Parking management: Parking ratios | Medium | Medium | Medium | Positive | Same | Lower | Same | Negative | Unknown | Negative | Negative | 2 |
| Parking management: Park and rides | Medium | Medium | Medium | Positive | Varies | NA | Higher | Medium | Medium | Varies | High | 4 |
| Road pricing: Preferential HOV lanes | Medium | Medium | Medium | Positive | Same | NA | Higher | Varies | Varies | High | Varies | 4 |
| Road pricing: Congestion pricing | Medium | High | Medium | Positive | Varies | NA | Lower | Low | Low | Unknown | Negative | Unknown |
| Transit: Transitchek | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | Lower | Same | Same | High | Medium | High | High | 5 |
| Transit: Employer sponsored | Low | Low | Low | Low | Varies | Higher | Same | Medium | Low | High | High | 4 |
| Transit: Employer subsidized | Low | Low | Low | Low | Varies | Higher | Same | Medium | Low | High | High | 5 |
| Land use-zoning: Higher densities | Medium | Medium | High | High | NA | Varies | Lower | NA | NA | Negative | Negative | 2 |
| Land use-zoning: Transit-friendly design | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | Same | Same | Lower | Medium | Low | Varies | Positive | 4 |
| Land use-zoning: Mixed-use development | Unknown | Unknown | Medium | Unknown | Lower | Unknown | Lower | Unknown | Unknown | Varies | Positive | 4 |
| Land use-zoning: Growth management | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Same | Unknown | Lower | Unknown | Unknown | Varies | Varies | 3 |
| Institutional: Trip reduction ordinances | High | High | High | Low/medium | Varies | Higher | NA | Low | Negative | Varies | Varies | 4 |
| Institutional: Transportation management associations | Varies | Varies | Varies | Unknown | Same | Higher | NA | NA | Varies | NA | Positive | NA |
* significant at 0.01 level
** significant at 0.05 level
*** 1.00 < t < 2.00
d.f. = degrees of freedom
HOV = high-occupancy vechicle
NA = not applicable
SOV = single-occupancy vehicle
SRSD = studentized residual
TDM = travel demand management
TMA = transportation management association
TSM = transportation system management
U = data are unavailable
VHT = vehicle hours of travel
VMT = vehicle-miles traveled
* Significant at 95% confidence interval.
Updated: Saturday, May 20, 2017