Highway Profile

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FINANCIAL

	1960	1970	1980	1990	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003
Government receipts, total ($ millions)1	11,193	21,763	39,834	75,444	91,312	96,347	102,771	107,421	111,581	121,650	131,115	132,324	134,765	138,384
Federal, total	2,771	6,160	9,949	14,576	17,854	19,851	23,196	21,648	24,509	26,008	30,819	27,670	28,527	29,875
Highway trust funda	2,531	5,464	7,615	13,380	16,582	18,835	22,036	20,500	23,396	25,085	29,445	26,365	26,808	27,755
Other	240	696	2,334	1,196	1,272	1,016	1,160	1,148	1,113	923	1,374	1,305	1,719	2,120
State and local, total	8,422	15,603	29,885	60,868	73,458	76,496	79,575	85,773	87,072	95,642	100,296	104,654	106,238	108,509
State and D.C.	6,055	11,737	19,666	40,026	47,699	50,064	52,808	58,087	58,806	63,274	66,434	68,873	68,430	67,792
Local	2,367	3,866	10,219	20,842	25,759	26,432	26,767	27,686	28,266	32,368	33,862	35,781	37,808	40,717
Government expenditures, total ($ millions)1	10,757	20,829	41,763	75,408	90,192	93,478	98,082	101,953	107,975	116,011	122,697	129,900	135,919	143,812
Federal, total	197	425	874	664	1,306	1,402	1,598	1,315	1,375	1,428	1,680	1,913	1,761	2,388
Highway trust funda	27	83	315	358	965	1,092	1,384	1,103	1,170	1,249	1,304	1,463	1,261	1,690
Otherb	170	342	559	306	341	310	214	212	205	179	376	450	500	698
State and local, total	10,560	20,404	40,889	74,744	88,886	92,076	96,484	100,638	106,600	114,583	121,017	127,987	134,158	141,424
State and D.C.	7,125	14,100	25,936	45,609	55,569	56,981	59,709	61,534	65,507	71,415	76,997	81,803	85,653	88,377
Local	3,435	6,304	14,953	29,135	33,317	35,095	36,775	39,104	41,093	43,168	44,020	46,184	48,505	53,047
State highway user tax revenuesc, total ($ millions)	5,323	10,284	17,177	35,944	46,437	47,424	49,756	51,381	54,507	56,269	56,454	58,508	58,299	59,642
Motor fuel tax2	3,374	6,433	9,485	19,658	25,860	26,881	27,555	28,477	29,803	30,753	31,981	32,519	33,046	34,016
Other motor fuel receiptsd, 2	22	44	92	220	101	108	63	55	58	134	179	298	297	277
Motor vehicle registration fees 3	1,514	2,873	5,173	10,257	12,388	11,942	13,234	13,631	14,552	14,882	13,704	14,437	13,316	13,606
Other motor vehicle feese, 3	235	577	1,490	3,353	4,505	4,416	4,689	4,704	5,068	5,350	5,696	5,764	6,077	5,885
Motor carrier taxesf, 3	110	176	323	695	875	770	726	729	861	740	784	753	703	709
Miscellaneous fees3	68	181	615	1,761	2,708	3,307	3,489	3,785	4,165	4,410	4,800	4,737	4,860	5,149

INVENTORY

	1960	1970	1980	1990	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003
Rural / urban mileage by ownership, total4	3,545,693	3,730,082	3,859,837	3,866,926	3,906,595	3,912,226	3,919,652	3,944,601	3,906,304	3,917,245	3,936,241	3,948,335	3,966,494	3,974,103
Rural mileage, total	3,116,125	3,169,412	3,230,936	3,122,282	3,092,810	3,092,520	3,092,887	3,108,493	3,064,650	3,071,181	3,084,000	3,071,332	3,071,768	3,033,133
Under state control	658,896	707,002	750,479	702,486	690,372	690,924	691,156	692,767	660,834	660,682	661,798	663,134	662,855	652,522
Under federal controlg	111,912	187,696	246,130	178,188	173,650	170,568	168,938	167,369	118,369	116,846	116,698	119,270	117,751	120,208
Under local control	2,345,317	2,274,714	2,234,327	2,241,608	2,228,788	2,231,029	2,232,793	2,248,357	2,285,447	2,293,653	2,305,504	2,288,928	2,291,162	2,260,403
County roads	1,742,404	1,732,981	1,542,984	1,616,634	1,624,982	1,626,927	1,627,639	1,642,468	1,647,025	1,649,291	1,656,906	1,637,616	1,628,510	1,623,786
Town, township and municipal roadsh	538,651	510,174	458,231	437,460	423,908	424,529	426,170	426,433	426,340	590,206	592,623	595,197	606,398	580,825
Other local roadsh	64,262	31,559	233,112	187,514	179,898	179,573	178,984	179,456	212,082	54,156	55,975	56,115	56,254	55,792
Urban mileage, total	429,568	560,670	628,901	744,644	813,785	819,706	826,765	836,108	841,654	846,064	852,241	877,003	894,726	940,970
Under state control	50,158	74,103	97,287	95,778	109,947	111,766	111,924	112,226	110,017	109,956	110,195	109,136	110,434	120,033
Under federal controlg	N	N	1,495	1,024	1,484	1,509	1,470	1,464	1,485	1,503	1,484	2,234	2,819	3,560
Under local control	N	N	530,119	647,842	702,354	706,431	713,371	722,418	730,152	734,605	740,562	765,633	781,473	817,377
County roads	N	N	71,357	95,929	115,388	117,518	117,181	117,487	117,016	117,105	116,918	144,065	144,615	156,598
Town and township roadsh	N	N	37,583	42,752	74,630	60,561	60,926	74,402	75,195	605,255	611,473	608,859	624,163	647,448
Other local roadsh	379,410	486,567	421,179	509,161	512,336	528,352	535,264	530,529	537,941	12,245	12,171	12,709	12,695	13,331
Rural / urban mileage by functional system, total5	3,545,693	3,730,082	3,859,837	3,866,926	3,906,595	3,912,226	3,919,652	3,945,872	3,906,290	3,917,240	3,936,229	3,948,335	3,966,485	3,974,107
Rural mileage, total	3,116,125	3,169,412	3,230,936	3,122,282	3,092,810	3,092,520	3,092,887	3,109,132	3,064,648	3,071,181	3,083,988	3,071,331	3,071,761	3,033,138
Interstate	N	N	31,905	33,547	32,457	32,580	32,820	32,817	32,813	32,974	33,048	33,061	32,992	32,048
Other principal arterial	N	N	82,569	83,802	97,175	97,948	98,131	98,257	98,852	98,856	98,911	99,185	98,853	97,038
Minor arterial	N	N	149,057	144,774	138,120	137,151	137,359	137,497	137,308	137,463	137,574	137,587	137,568	135,596
Major collector	N	N	439,000	436,352	431,115	431,712	432,117	432,714	432,408	432,954	433,121	433,284	430,946	424,288
Minor collector	N	N	299,613	293,922	282,011	274,081	273,198	272,362	272,140	271,690	271,815	271,377	270,700	267,524
Local	N	N	2,228,792	2,129,885	2,111,932	2,119,048	2,119,262	2,135,485	2,091,127	2,097,244	2,109,519	2,096,837	2,100,702	2,076,644
Urban mileage, total	429,568	560,670	628,901	744,644	813,785	819,706	826,765	836,740	841,642	846,059	852,241	877,004	894,724	940,969
Interstate	N	N	9,215	11,527	13,126	13,164	13,217	13,247	13,312	13,343	13,379	13,406	13,491	14,460
Other freeways and expressways	N	N	6,774	7,668	8,994	8,970	9,027	9,063	9,127	9,125	9,140	9,126	9,323	9,870
Other principal arterial	N	N	44,155	51,968	53,110	52,796	52,983	53,223	53,132	53,206	53,312	53,056	53,439	56,870
Minor arterial	N	N	66,377	74,659	87,857	88,510	89,020	89,185	89,496	89,399	89,789	89,962	90,411	93,888
Collector	N	N	68,387	78,254	86,089	87,331	87,790	88,049	88,071	88,008	88,200	88,713	89,247	97,114
Local	N	N	433,993	520,568	564,609	568,935	574,728	583,973	588,504	592,978	598,421	622,741	638,813	668,767
U.S. roads and streets by surface6
Paved mileage, total	1,230,469	1,658,421	2,072,692	2,254,822	2,342,179	2,378,268	2,380,650	2,409,935	2,420,344	2,451,426	2,504,494	2,523,468	2,577,693	2,612,069
Rural	919,082	1,188,080	1,490,050	1,550,283	1,561,649	1,591,334	1,582,166	1,605,804	1,612,251	1,641,877	1,684,922	1,678,782	1,714,714	1,702,175
Urban	311,387	470,341	582,642	704,539	780,530	786,934	798,484	804,131	808,093	809,549	819,572	844,686	862,979	909,894
Percent paved	34.7%	44.5%	53.7%	58.3%	60.0%	60.8%	60.5%	60.9%	61.3%	62.4%	63.4%	63.7%	64.8%	65.5%
Unpaved mileage, total	2,315,224	2,071,661	1,787,145	1,612,104	1,564,416	1,533,958	1,553,537	1,548,349	1,528,549	1,478,977	1,445,548	1,438,727	1,402,995	1,376,283
Rural	2,197,043	1,981,332	1,740,886	1,571,999	1,531,161	1,501,186	1,518,310	1,510,330	1,490,488	1,436,969	1,406,508	1,400,134	1,364,900	1,333,969
Urban	118,181	90,329	46,259	40,105	33,255	32,772	35,227	38,019	38,061	42,008	39,040	38,593	38,095	42,314
Percent unpaved	65.3%	55.5%	46.3%	41.7%	40.0%	39.2%	39.5%	39.1%	38.7%	37.6%	36.6%	36.3%	35.2%	34.5%
Number of employees
State and local govt. streets and highways7	532,000	607,000	559,000	569,000	544,000	543,000	U	531,000	530,000	543,000	546,000	552,000	545,000	546,000
Highway, street and bridge constructioni,8	U	U	U	U	274,000	278,000	288,000	294,000	308,000	336,000	340,000	346,000	346,000	341,000

PERFORMANCE

	1960	1970	1980	1990	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003
Vehicle-miles of travel by functional system (millions), total j, 9	718,762	1,109,724	1,527,295	2,144,362	2,357,588	2,422,696	2,484,080	2,552,233	2,628,148	2,690,241	2,746,925	2,781,462	2,855,756	2,890,893
Rural mileage, total	400,463	539,472	672,030	868,878	908,341	933,289	960,194	999,277	1,032,528	1,062,623	1,083,152	1,105,083	1,128,160	1,085,385
Interstate	10,514	79,516	135,084	200,173	215,568	223,382	232,565	240,255	251,520	260,166	268,180	274,024	279,962	269,945
Other principal arterial	N	N	132,958	175,133	207,569	215,567	221,403	228,716	237,704	244,045	248,725	253,056	257,587	245,345
Minor arterial	N	N	129,816	155,733	149,760	153,028	157,444	163,341	165,780	169,275	171,874	173,889	176,218	171,251
Major collector	N	N	150,186	190,512	182,000	186,212	190,923	201,790	203,580	206,831	209,659	211,312	213,503	203,368
Minor collector	N	N	39,282	49,948	48,529	49,936	50,107	52,310	54,288	57,622	57,572	59,650	61,504	60,294
Local	N	N	84,704	97,379	104,915	105,164	107,752	112,865	119,656	124,684	127,142	133,152	139,386	135,182
Urban mileage, total	318,299	570,252	855,265	1,275,484	1,449,247	1,489,407	1,523,886	1,552,956	1,595,620	1,627,618	1,663,773	1,676,379	1,727,596	1,805,508
Interstate	13,365	81,532	161,242	278,901	330,577	341,515	351,579	361,433	374,622	383,259	393,465	399,890	408,618	432,633
Other freeways and expressways	N	N	79,690	127,465	147,534	151,509	157,502	159,572	165,632	171,515	177,222	182,758	189,634	199,520
Other principal arterial	N	N	229,469	335,543	364,200	370,365	377,776	385,123	388,071	392,688	398,772	401,037	408,336	425,622
Minor arterial	N	N	175,030	236,225	286,165	293,228	299,345	301,932	309,293	313,950	324,398	329,931	339,387	348,794
Collector	N	N	83,043	106,297	120,088	126,883	129,310	130,146	131,905	131,603	135,372	137,922	141,874	153,751
Local	N	N	126,791	191,053	200,683	205,907	208,374	214,750	226,097	234,603	234,544	224,841	239,747	245,188
Highway demand for petroleum, total (thousand barrels)	1,488,095	2,361,310	2,882,143	3,289,554	3,530,071	3,602,159	3,669,491	3,765,003	3,889,758	4,042,708	4,062,573	(R) 4,081,742	(R) 4,203,095	4,222,454
Motor fuel10	1,378,095	2,198,310	2,737,143	3,113,214	3,353,320	3,424,616	3,492,285	3,580,620	3,699,500	3,843,128	3,870,337	(R) 3,892,341	(R) 4,016,243	4,038,678
Asphalt and road oil11	110,000	163,000	145,000	176,340	176,751	177,543	177,206	184,383	190,258	199,580	192,236	189,401	186,852	183,776

SAFETY¹²

	1960	1970	1980	1990	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003
Fatalities	36,399	52,627	51,091	44,599	40,716	41,817	42,065	42,013	41,501	41,717	41,945	42,196	(R) 43,005	42,643
Injured persons	N	N	N	3,231,000	3,266,000	3,465,000	3,483,000	3,348,000	3,192,000	3,236,000	3,189,000	3,033,000	2,926,000	2,889,000
Crashes	N	N	N	6,471,000	6,496,000	6,699,000	6,770,000	6,624,000	6,335,000	6,279,000	6,394,000	6,323,000	6,316,000	6,328,000

KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised; U = data are not available.

^a The Federal Highway Trust Fund was created with the enactment of the Highway Revenue Act of 1956. The total receipts shown for 1995 are overstated by approximately $1.59 billion due to a fiscal year (FY) 1994 error by the Treasury Department in reconciling estimated deposits to the actual tax revenue. The correction was made after the close of FY1994 and is shown in FY1995 receipts.

^b Figures obtained by addition/subtraction and may not appear directly in data source.

^c Gross amounts collected by state governments from highway users. Does not include tolls. Not all revenues allocated to highway expenditures.

^d Includes distributors and dealers licenses, inspection fees, fines and penalties, and miscellaneous receipts.

^e Includes drivers licenses, title fees, special title taxes, fines and penalties; estimated service charges and local collections.

^f Includes carrier gross receipt taxes; mileage, ton-mile and passenger-mile taxes; special license fees and franchise taxes; and certificate or permit fees.

^g Mileage in federal parks, forests, and reservations that are not a part of the state and local highway system.

^h Prior to 1999, mileage for municipal roads is included with the "other local roads" jurisdiction. Mileage for municipal roads is included in "Town, Township and Municipal Road" jurisdiction after 1999.

ⁱ Data for years 1994 and later are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Prior to 1994, data are based on the Standard Industrial Classification System (SIC).

^j Highway category classifications changed several times before 1980. Actual 1960 data categories were: Main Rural Roads, Local Rural Roads and Urban Streets; 1970 data categories were: Rural Interstate, Rural Other Arterial, Other Rural, Urban Interstate and Other Urban.

NOTES

Motor vehicle injury and crash data in this profile come from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's General Estimates System (GES). The data from GES, which began operation in 1988, are obtained from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes, and the GES sample includes only crashes where a police accident report was completed and the crash resulted in property damage, injury, or death. The resulting figures do not take into account crashes which were not reported to the police or which did not result in at least property damage.

Earlier editions of NTS, particularly the 1993 Historical Compendium, used crash and injury figures estimated by the National Safety Council, which employed a different set of methods to arrive at its figures. Thus, the injury and crash figures in this edition of NTS may not be comparable with those found in earlier editions.

In 1998, FHWA instituted a new method of creating mileage based tables derived from the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS). See Chapter 1 accuracy profiles for more information about the HPMS.

SOURCES

Unless otherwise noted, please refer to chapter tables for sources.

¹ 1960-94: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table HF-210.

1995-2003: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables HF-10A and HF-10.

² 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MF-201.

1996-2003: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual isssues), table MF-1.

³ 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table MV-202.

1996-2003: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table MV-2.

⁴ 1960-70: Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table M-203.

1980-1995: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table HM-210.

1996-2003: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-10.

⁵ 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), tables HM-212 and HM-220.

1996-2003: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-20.

⁶ 1960-95: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table HM-212.

1996-2003: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-12.

⁷ U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States, (Washington, DC: Annual issues), State and Local Government Section.

⁸ U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/data/sa.htm as of Jan. 19, 2005.

⁹ 1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1985, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: April 1987), table VM-201.

1980-2003: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables VM-2 and VM-2A.

¹⁰ 1960-90: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A (total fuel consumed in thousands of gallons divided by 42).

1994-2003: Ibid., Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table VM-1 (total fuel consumed in thousands of gallons divided by 42).

¹¹ 1960-80: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data Report (Washington, DC: July 1982), p. 13.

1990-2003: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual: Volume 1 (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 2.

¹² 1960-80: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, NRD-30, personal communication.

1990-2003: Ibid., Traffic Safety Facts (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 1 and 4.