Index
Index
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
A
Accidents
aircraft, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89
bicycling, 4, 8, 37, 83, 84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 95–96
buses, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–93
causes,
alcohol/drug abuse, 8, 88, 94, 95
age factors, 7, 94, 95
bicycling, 95, 96
darkness, 94, 96
motor vehicle/pedestrian, 7, 94, 95
weather, 8
data needs, 10, 88, 100–101
developing countries, 98–99
elderly persons, 7, 94
gender factors, 98–99
injury/exposure, 100
light trucks/SUVs, 43, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–93
by mode of transportation, 83
motor vehicles, 7, 84
age factors, 7, 94, 95
buses, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–93
light trucks, 43, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–93
pedestrians, 7, 84, 86, 93, 94, 95, 96
personal-use, 7, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92
trucks, 88
pipelines, 85, 86
data needs, 8, 100
property damage, 124
spills, 124, 137
police reports, 96
protective devices,
air bags, 88, 90, 134
helmets, bicyclists, 96
safety belts, 88, 90, 92
rail transportation, 32, 85
recreational boating, 84, 85, 86
school bus safety, 83, 88, 91, 92–93
SUVs, see “light trucks” supra
transit, 84, 85; see “buses” supra
waterborne transportation, 84, 85, 86
see also Crashes; Fatalities; Injuries; Transportation safety
Africa, motor vehicle fatalities, 99
African-Americans
local travel, 39
long-distance travel, 40
Age factors
alcohol abuse, 94
children, 7, 39, 40, 41, 83–84, 90–93, 100
fatalities, 90, 91, 92, 94
consumer spending, 72–73
bicycle fatalities, 95
elderly persons, 7, 39, 41, 94, 100
fatalities, 7, 90, 91, 92, 94
local travel, 39, 41
long-distance travel, 40, 41
motor vehicle accidents, 7, 94, 95;
see “children” supra
motor vehicle age, 20, 31, 33
pedestrian fatalities, 7, 94
Agricultural products, 52
alcohol fuels, 113, 116, 136
food and kindred products, 5, 68, 71
Air bags, 88, 90, 134
Air conditioning, motor vehicles (CFCs), 9, 122, 138
Aircraft
accidents/fatalities, see “accidents/fatalities” under Air transportation
air pollution, 9, 117, 122, 126, 127, 129, 130–131
Global Positioning Systems, 3, 31–32, 98, 114
data needs, 33, 107
energy use, 107, 109
freight shipments of, 52
icing/deicing, 127
noise, 9, 123, 137
number of, 15, 25
pollutants,
airborne emissions, 9, 117, 122, 126
icing/deicing agents, 127
manufacturing releases, 129, 130–131
terrorism, 97, 98
see also Airports; Air transportation
Airport and Airway Trust Fund, 78
Air pollution, 9, 117
aircraft, 9, 117, 122, 126, 127, 129, 130–131
ammonia, 118, 119
carbon dioxide (CO2), 8, 104, 115–116, 116, 122
carbon monoxide (CO), 9, 104, 115–116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 128, 130
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 9, 117, 122, 133–134
criteria and related pollutants, 9, 116, 117, 119–120, 123, 126–127, 130, 138
diesel fuel, 117, 119, 120
emission controls, 9, 10, 104, 113–114, 115–116, 121, 132
gasoline, 9, 117, 119–120, 121
evaporative emissions, 9, 132
global climate change/greenhouse gases, 9, 104, 114–116
hazardous, 9, 104, 116, 121–122, 123, 130–131, 136–137
lead, 9, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 128
methane, 114
motor vehicles, 8, 9, 117, 129
air conditioning (CFCs), 9, 122, 138
emission controls, 9, 10, 104, 113–114, 115–116, 121, 132
pollutants released during manufacturing, 128, 129
standards, 113–114, 115–116, 121
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 119, 130
nitrogen oxides(NOx), 104, 117, 118, 119, 122, 126, 130
nitrous oxide(NO2), 114
ozone, ground-level, 120
ozone layer depletion, 9, 122, 138
chlorofluorocarbons, 9, 117, 122, 133–134
particulate matter, 117, 118, 119, 120, 125
pipelines, 9, 122–123
sulfur emissions, 117, 119, 123, 128
toxic pollutants, 9, 104, 116, 117, 120, 121–122, 123, 125, 126, 127–130, 133–138 (passim)
trends, 9, 118, 120
volatile organic compounds, 9, 104, 117, 118, 119, 123, 128, 130, 132
see also Air quality
Airports
Chicago, 51, 125–126
condition and performance, 2, 22, 25, 33, 58–59
data needs, 33, 126
deicing technology, 127
District of Columbia, 126–127
environmental impacts, general, 10, 127, 137
extent and use, 57–58
general aviation, 2, 15, 22
icing/deicing, 127
Los Angeles, 51
New York City, 51, 53
noise, 9, 123, 137
number and use, 2, 15, 22
passenger travel, 15
pollution, 125–127
runway conditions, 2, 22, 25, 33
San Francisco, 51, 127
terrorism, 97
urban areas, 113–114, 115–116, 121–122, 126
see also specific cities
Air quality, 9, 10, 113
Clean Air Act, 114, 116, 121, 136, 137
electric vehicles, 113
standards,
Clean Air Act, 114, 116, 121, 136, 137
criteria and related pollutants, 116, 117, 119–120, 123, 126–127, 130, 138
electric utilities, 61
greenhouse gases, 8, 9, 114
motor vehicle emissions, 113–114, 115–116, 121
urban, 115–116
trends, 118, 120
see also Air pollution
AIRS Facility Subsystem, 122, 137, 138
Air taxis, 2, 25, 85, 86, 100
Air transportation, 57–59
accidents/fatalities, 7–8, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89
air carriers, number of, 2, 15
air taxis, 2, 25, 85, 86, 100
baggage, lost, 5, 58–59, 145
commuter air carriers, 58, 85
costs, 37
data needs, 33, 107, 126
deicing/anti-icing , 127
economic indices, 37, 44
labor productivity, 6, 76, 77
employment, 6, 15, 73, 75, 76, 77
energy use, 105
extent and use, 2, 13, 22, 25, 57–58
freight, 2, 4, 6, 15, 22, 44, 50, 51, 53, 124, 127
ton-miles, 15, 44, 46
gender factors, 40
general aviation, 2, 15, 22, 25, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 100, 119
Global Positioning Systems, 31–32
government investment, 80
government revenues, 78, 79
hazardous materials, 124, 127
injuries, 85
international, 5, 42, 51
labor productivity, 6, 76, 77
long-distance travel, 2, 4–5, 6, 13, 15, 22, 25, 37, 40, 57–59, 125–127
passenger transportation, 2, 4–5, 6, 13, 15, 22, 25, 37, 40, 57–59, 125–127
baggage, lost, 5, 58–59, 145
commuter, 58, 85
passenger-miles, 15, 22, 57, 100
terrorism, 84, 97
trends, 2, 5, 85, 89
see also Aircraft; Airports; Federal Aviation Administration
Alabama, 60, 121
Alaska, 28, 60
Alcohol and drug abuse
accidents, cause of, 8, 88, 94, 95
bicycling accidents, 95
motor vehicle drivers, 94, 95
pedestrian fatalities, 7, 8, 94
Alcohol fuels, 103, 112–113, 136
Alternative and replacement fuels, 8, 111–114, 115–116, 117
alcohol fuels, 103, 112–113, 136
data needs, 135–136
natural gas, 112, 113, 116
reformulated gasoline, 112–113, 135–136
Alternative vehicles, 8, 112–113, 115–116, 117, 136
American Public Transit Association, 93
Americans with Disabilities Act, 59, 61, 63
American Travel Survey, 10, 26, 38, 42, 148
Ammonia, 118, 119
Amtrak, 2, 5, 16, 22, 23, 24, 64–65, 109
Arizona, 5
Army Corps of Engineers, see U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Arterial roads, 14, 17, 18, 19, 54, 56
Asia
economic decline, 48–49, 110–111
motor vehicle fatalities, 99
passenger travel to, 42
trade with, 4, 48, 50–51
see also specific countries
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 41
ATS, see American Travel Survey
Aviation, see Air transportation
B
Baltimore, Maryland, 2, 26, 52, 60
Barges, 26, 27, 133
Batteries, 113, 131, 134, 138, 138
Bicycling, 4, 7, 37, 83, 84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 95–96
Biennial Reporting System on Hazardous Waste, 126
Black persons, see African-Americans
Boats, see Ferries; Recreational boating; Vessels
Bridges, 1, 17, 20, 33, 137
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, New York, 53, 126
Bureau of the Census
American Travel Survey, 10, 26, 38, 42, 148
Commodity Flow Survey, 3–4, 14, 42–49
government revenues, 78 (n. 2)
international trade, 147
National Travel Survey, 36
Motor Freight Transportation and Warehousing Survey, 68
Bureau of Economic Analysis, 68
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 75
Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 143, 144
American Travel Survey, 10, 26, 38, 42, 148
capital stock assessments, 81
Commodity Flow Survey, 3–4, 14, 42–49
National Transportation Atlas Database, 10, 146–148
statistical practices, general, 11, 143
Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, 10, 144, 146, 147, 148
Transportation Satellite Accounts, 6, 68
waterborne transportation, 27
Buses
accidents, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–93
bus lanes, 3, 29, 30
child safety, 84, 88, 92–93
costs to passengers, 37
disabled persons, 63
economic indices, 37, 59, 62
employment, 6, 75, 76, 77
energy use, 105, 136
fatalities, 86, 87, 91, 92
foreign countries, 84
injuries, 86, 87
labor productivity, 76, 77
long-distance travel, 5, 37, 38
number and use, 3, 5, 15, 16, 18, 21, 29, 37, 59
revenues, 59
route-miles, 29, 30
school bus safety, 83, 88, 91, 92–93
socioeconomic status of riders, 37
urban areas, 16, 29, 37
Business travel, 38, 40, 146
see also Commuter rail transportation; Commuter travel
C
California
freight, 52
high-speed rail transportation, 23
Los Angeles, 23, 50, 51, 52, 60
San Francisco, 23, 51, 60, 127
zero emission vehicles, 113
Canada, 4
freight, 49, 50, 51–52, 53, 147
high-speed rail, 23
North American Free Trade Agreement, 52
passenger travel, 23, 42
Capital investment, 7, 69, 80
GDP, 69
labor productivity, 76
national accounts, 81
see also Government investment
Capital stock, 80–81
Carbon dioxide, 9, 104, 115–116, 116, 122
Carbon monoxide, 9, 104, 115–116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 128, 130
Cargo, see Freight transportation
Caribbean, passenger travel to, 42
Carpooling, 3, 29, 39, 57, 86, 116
See also vanpooling
Cartography, see Maps and mapping
Census Bureau, see Bureau of the Census
CFCs, see Chlorofluorocarbons
CFS, see Commodity Flow Survey
Charleston, South Carolina, 51, 52, 60
Chemical and allied products
freight, 47, 62, 64
toxic pollutants, 9, 104, 116, 117, 120, 121–122, 123, 125, 126, 127–130, 133–138 (passim)
Chicago, Illinois
airports, 51, 125–126
high-speed rail, 23–24, 32
long-distance travel hubs, 23–24
waterborne transportation, 60
Children
air bags, 90
local travel, 39, 41
long-distance travel, 40, 41
fatalities, 90, 91, 92, 94
pedestrians injured, 94
risk exposure, data needs, 100
safety, 8, 83–84, 88, 90–93, 100
safely traveling to and from school, 93
school bus safety, 84, 88, 91, 92–93
vans, school transportation, 93
China, 111
Chlorofluorocarbons, 9, 117, 122, 133–134
Cities, see Urban areas
Clean Air Act, 114, 116, 121, 136, 137
Clean Water Act, 133
Climate change, see Global climate change
CO, see Carbon monoxide
CO2, see Carbon dioxide
Coal, freight, 47, 48, 62, 64
Coast Guard, see U.S. Coast Guard
Coastwise transportation, 25, 26, 59
Collector roads, 17, 18, 56
Columbia River, 60
Commercial transportation,
see Air transportation; Buses; Freight transportation; Railroads; Waterborne transportation
Commodities, see Freight transportation; Long-distance freight transportation; specific sectors
Commodity Flow Survey, 3–4, 14, 42–49
Communications, see Postal services; Telecommunications
Commuter air carriers, 58, 85
Commuter rail transportation, 2, 5, 16, 29, 30, 31, 59, 62, 63, 86
Amtrak, 2, 5, 16, 22, 23, 24, 64–65, 109
Commuter travel, 3, 38–39
air carriers, 58, 85
carpools, 3, 29, 39, 57, 86, 116
congestion, 5, 10, 53–56, 57, 84
ferries, 5, 27, 29, 59, 62
time/distance, other than congestion, 38
trip chaining, 38
vanpools, 3, 29, 86
see also Business travel; Commuter rail transportation
Computer systems, 3, 13, 31–32
intelligent transportation systems, 3, 31, 32, 33, 148
Internet, 104
rail transportation, 31, 32
terrorism, 97
see also Databases
Congestion, 5, 10, 53–56, 57, 84
carpooling, 3, 29, 39, 57, 86, 116
Conservation, see Alternative and replacement fuels; Environment
Construction sector
airports, 10
highway construction, environmental impacts, 131, 137
Consumer expenditures on transportation, 5, 6, 67, 68–73
demographic factors, 72–73
regional factors, 71–72
urban/rural, 6, 72
Containers and container ports, 2–3, 26, 50–51
Containerships, 2, 26, 27, 28
Contaminated materials, see Hazardous materials
Corporate Average Fuel Economy standard, 106, 107
Corrective Action Measures (database), 127
Cost and cost-benefit factors
air transportation, 37
bus transportation, 37
data needs, general, 10, 143, 145
dredging, 125
emission reductions, 104
fuel prices, 107, 112
hazardous materials spills, 124
oil prices, 8, 103, 110–111
oil spills, 124
passenger transportation, 4, 36–37, 145
personal-use vehicles, 36–37;
road transportation, congestion, 56, 57
Transportation Satellite Accounts, 6, 68
Council for Environmental Quality, 135
Courier services, 4, 44–45, 46, 48
Crashes
air bags, 88, 90, 134
aircraft fatalities, 7, 85, 86, 88, 89
alcohol abuse, 88, 94, 95
bicyclists, 4, 8, 37, 83, 84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 95–96
causes, 8
alcohol/drug abuse, 88, 94
darkness, 94, 96
congestion caused by, 56
light trucks, 43, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–93
motor vehicles, 8, 84
age factors, 8, 94, 95
buses, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–93
light trucks/SUVs, 43, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–93
personal-use, 7, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92
trucks, 88
property damage, 101
protective devices
air bags, 88, 90, 134
helmets, bicyclists, 96
safety belts, 88, 90, 92
worldwide data, 98
see also Accidents; Fatalities; Injuries
Crime, 83, 90, 101
terrorism, 83, 84, 96–98
Criteria and related pollutants, 116, 117, 119–120, 123, 126–127, 130, 138
carbon monoxide (CO), 9, 115–116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 128, 130
carbon dioxide (CO2), 9, 115–116, 122
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 119, 130
nitrogen oxides (NOx), 117, 118, 119, 122, 126, 128, 130
sulfur dioxide (SO2), 117, 119, 123, 128
lead, 9, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 128
volatile organic compounds, 9, 104, 117, 118, 119, 123, 128, 130, 132
Cruise ships, 16, 25, 26
Customs Service, see U.S. Customs Service
D
Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, freight, 147
Dams, see Locks and dams
Databases
hazardous materials, 124, 127–128
Intermodal Transportation Database, 10, 144, 146
National Transportation Atlas Database, 10, 146–148
oil spills, marine, 124
pipeline safety, 124
rail safety, 32
Toxics Release Inventory, 127–128, 133, 137–138
Data for Decisions, 144
Data needs, 1, 10–11, 32–33, 135–138, 143–148
accidents, 8, 88, 98, 100–101
aircraft, 33, 107
airports, 33, 126
air toxics, 116, 136–137
alternative and replacement fuels, 135–136
capital stock, 81
congestion, 54, 55, 56
cost factors, 10, 143, 145
demographic factors, risk exposure, 100, 143–144
economic indices, general, 10, 143, 145, 146, 148
employment, wages, 75
energy, 107, 135–136, 146
environment, 10, 116–117, 126, 136–138, 143, 146
fatalities, 100–101
freight, 43, 46, 48, 50, 145–146
geographic factors, 3, 10, 11, 144
hazardous air pollutants, 116, 136–137
hazardous materials, general, 127–128, 137
highways, 33, 88
intelligent transportation systems, 33, 148
international, safety data, 8, 84, 97, 98–100
international trade, 10, 11, 143, 147
local trips, 36
long-distance trips, 36
motor vehicles, 3, 8, 32–33
disposal, 138
fuel economy, 107, 135
noise pollution, 116–117, 137
passenger transportation, 36, 144, 145–146
pipelines, 3, 8, 32, 100
privacy, 148
rail transportation, 88, 132
risk exposure, 7–8, 100, 143–144
safety, 8, 10, 11, 146, 148
accidents, 8, 88, 98, 100–101
risk exposure, 8, 100, 143–144
standards, 136, 137, 138
transit, 3, 32–33, 107
Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, 10, 144, 146, 147, 148
trucking, 136
vehicles, 3, 32–33, 107; see “motor vehicles” supra
waterborne transportation, 11, 33, 100
water pollution, 116–117
wildlife, 116–117
Defense, see National security
Deicing/anti-icing, 127
Delaware River, 60
Demographic factors
consumer spending, 72–73
data needs, risk exposure, 100, 143–144
fatalities, bicyclists and pedestrians, 93
marital status, 39, 40
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, 88 (n. 2), 93
passenger travel, 37, 38
race/ethnicity, 39–41, 143–144
transit, 29
see also Age factors; Households; Rural areas; Socioeconomic status; Urban areas
Departments of U.S. Government, see headings beginning “U.S. Department of.”
Detroit, Michigan
freight, 53, 60
high-speed rail, 23, 32
waterborne transportation, 60
Developing countries, safety, 98–100
Diesel fuel, 117, 119, 120
Disabled persons, transit services, 31, 53, 59–60, 63
District of Columbia,
airports, 126–127
high-speed rail, 23, 24
Dredging, 9, 125, 137
Drivers’ licenses, see Licenses and licensing
Drug abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse
Dulles Airport, 126–127
E
Eastern U.S., oceanborne international trade, 4, 50, 51
see also specific states
Economic factors, 1, 4, 5–8, 67–82
Asia, 8, 48–49, 110–111
capital investment, 1, 7, 69, 76, 80, 81
for-hire transportation, 6, 68
freight, 44–48 (passim)
GDP, 4, 44, 45, 48, 68
international, 4, 10, 44, 48–53
revenues, 2, 6, 21, 61–62
gasoline, 8, 69, 72, 111
fuel economy, 8, 104, 105–109, 115, 135
GDP, 5–6, 67–71, 148
energy use, 105
freight transportation, 4, 44, 45, 48, 68
international trade, 4
transportation-related final demand, 5–6, 67–68, 69, 78
globalization, 10, 144, 147
global warming, 114
in-house transportation, 6, 68
international trade indices, 4, 5–6, 48–49
Japan, 111
labor productivity, 6, 53, 64, 76–77
oil imports, 8, 104, 109–111
passenger transportation indices, 39–42, 88 (n. 2), 144
productivity, 5, 10, 53, 64, 67, 74, 76–77
property damage, 8, 53, 61, 100, 101, 124, 146
rail transportation indices, 2, 6, 21, 61–65
Russia, 110
transportation expenditures, 5, 6
capital investment, 1, 7, 69, 76, 80, 81
consumer expenditures on transportation, 5, 6, 67, 68–73
government expenditures, 5, 7, 23, 67, 69, 78, 79–81, 145
transportation-related final demand, 5–6, 67–68, 69, 78
transportation revenues,
air transportation, passengers, 57
buses, 59
government revenues, 5, 6–7, 67, 78–79
rail freight, 2, 6, 21, 61–62
rail, passenger, 59
transit, 59, 61, 62
Transportation Satellite Accounts, 6, 68
trucking, general, 14, 44, 45, 46, 68
value-added, general, 44, 68
wages and salaries, 74, 75
see also Cost and cost-benefit factors; Employment; International trade; Socioeconomic status; specific sectors
EIA, see Energy Information Agency
Elderly persons
fatalities, 7, 94
local travel, 39, 41
long-distance travel, 40, 41
motor vehicle drivers, 7
pedestrians, 7, 94
risk exposure, data needs, 100
Electric vehicles, 113, 116, 136
El Paso, Texas, 53
Emergency medical services, see Medical services
Emission controls, 8–9, 10, 104, 113–114, 115–116, 121, 132
Employment, 67, 73–76
air transportation, 6, 15, 73, 75, 76, 77
bus transportation, 6, 75, 76, 77
business travel, 38, 40, 146; see also
Commuter travel
data needs, wages, 75
for-hire transportation, 6, 73–74
freight, 45
trucking, 6, 73–74, 75, 76, 77
warehousing, 6, 73–74
labor force participation, 4, 37, 74
labor productivity, 5, 6, 53, 64, 67, 74, 76–77
local travel, 73, 74; see also Commuter travel
motor vehicle operators, general, 75; see “bus transportation” supra
by mode/occupation, 73, 75
passenger travel, increases in, 37
pipelines, 73, 74, 76, 77
rail transportation, 16, 21, 73, 74, 75, 76
service industries, general, 73, 74
transit, 16, 75, 76, 77
trip purpose, 38; see also Business travel
trucking, 6, 73–74, 75, 76, 77
wages and salaries, 74, 75
warehousing, 6, 73–74
waterborne transportation, 73, 75
Energy Information Administration, 104 (n. 1), 111
Energy resources see Coal; Natural gas; Oil
Energy use/efficiency, 1, 8, 54
aircraft, 107, 109
congestion, 56, 57
data needs, 107, 135–136, 146
fuel economy standards, 8, 56, 105, 106, 107
light trucks, 8, 105, 106–107, 109, 135
motor vehicles, general, 8, 56, 57, 104, 105–109, 115, 135
personal-use vehicles, 8, 56, 57, 104, 105–107, 109
technological innovations, 8, 104, 107
trucks, 105, 106–107, 136
see also Alternative and replacement fuels; Diesel fuel; Gasoline
Environment, 1, 8–10, 104, 116–135, 136–138
airports, general, 9, 127, 137
data needs, 10, 116–117, 126, 136–138, 143, 146
habitat, 9, 125, 116–117
highway construction, 131, 137
sediment, dredged, 9, 125, 137
transit, 116
transportation infrastructure development impacts, 9, 124–127, 131, 137
see also Air pollution; Air quality; Hazardous materials; Noise; Pollution; Waste materials
Environmental Protection Agency
airport deicing, 127
air quality, 8, 9, 117, 119
CFCs, 122
criteria and related pollutants, 116, 117, 119–120, 123, 126, 127–130, 138
toxic pollutants, 120–122, 126, 127–130
gasoline, evaporative emissions, 9, 132
highway and bridge construction debris, 137
National Emission Trends, 117, 120, 126–127, 132, 136, 137
National Toxics Inventory, 120, 128, 136–137
noise, 123
oil and gas pipeline emissions, 122–123
pipelines, 137
toxics, 120–122, 126, 127–130, 132, 133, 135
National Toxics Inventory, 120, 128, 136–137
Toxics Release Inventory, 127–128, 133, 137–138
transportation equipment cleaning, 133
underground storage tanks, 127, 132–133
vessel dismantling, 135
Ethanol, 112, 116
Europe
air freight, 51
passenger travel to, 42
road safety, 98
see also specific countries
Expenditures, see Consumer transportation expenditures; Cost and cost-benefit factors; Transportation expenditures
Exports and imports, see International transportation; International trade
F
Fatalities, 7–8
age factors, 7, 90, 91, 92, 94
air transportation, 7–8, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89
bicyclists, 8, 84, 93, 94, 95
bus accidents, 86, 87, 91, 92
causes,
alcohol/drug abuse, 8, 88, 94, 95
age factors, 7, 94, 95
bicycling, 95, 96
darkness, 94, 96
motor vehicle/pedestrian, 8, 94, 95
children, 90, 91, 92, 94
data needs, 100–101
developing countries, 98–99
DOT policy, 7, 83
elderly persons, 7, 94
gender factors, 98–99
highways, 84, 85, 87, 88; see also “motor vehicles” infra
international data, by country, 99
by mode, 7–8, 85–88, 89, 91
by occupant/nonoccupant category, 87
motor vehicles, 7–8, 85, 86, 93, 94
bicyclists struck by, 7, 8, 83, 84, 86, 91, 93, 94
causes, 7, 8, 94, 95
developing countries, 99
light trucks, 7, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93
motorcyclists, 84, 87, 88, 89, 91
pedestrians, 7–8, 84, 86, 93, 94
personal-use vehicles, 7, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92
pipelines, 8, 85, 100, 124, 137
recreational boating, 84, 85, 86
safety belts, 88
terrorism, 97
transit, 84, 85, 86, 91, 93, 100
trends, 84, 85, 87, 89, 94, 95, 97
trucks, 7, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91
U.S. totals, 7, 85–86 (passim), 99
world totals, 98–99
Federal Aviation Administration, 22, 25, 97, 122, 123, 137
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 27 (n. 6), 43
Federal government, 148
expenditures, 7, 23, 69, 78, 79, 80, 81
grants to state and local governments, 7, 79, 80
high-speed rail transportation, 23
intelligent transportation systems, 31
revenues, 6–7, 78
terrorism, response, 97–98
transit, subsidized, 3, 5, 29, 31
see also Legislation; Standards; specific departments and agencies
Federal Highway Administration, 10, 14, 54, 55, 56, 148
Federal Railroad Administration, 32
Federal Transit Administration, 3, 29, 32
Ferries, 5, 27, 29, 59, 62
Florida, waterborne transportation, 60
Foreign countries, see terms beginning “International.”; specific countries
Foreign trade, see International trade
For-hire transportation
economic value, 6, 68
employment, 6, 73–74
rented vehicles, 84
trucks, 4, 6, 45, 46, 68
France, 49
Freeways, see Interstate Highway System
Freight transportation, 42–53
agricultural products, 52
aircraft, shipments of, 52
air transportation, 2–4, 6, 15, 22, 44, 50, 51, 53, 124, 127
Canada, 49, 50, 51–52, 53, 147
chemical and allied products, 47, 62, 64
classification, standards, 43, 46, 48
coal, 47, 48, 62, 64
containers and container ports, 2–3, 26, 50–51
containerships, 2, 26, 27, 28
by commodity, 43, 46–48
Commodity Flow Survey, 3–4, 14, 42–49
data needs, 43, 46, 48, 50, 145–146
distance factors, 46, 47
domestic, 3–4, 10, 14, 15, 16, 42–48
economic factors, 44–48 (passim)
GDP, 4, 44, 45, 48, 68
international, 4, 10, 44, 48–53
revenues, 2, 6, 21, 61–62
employment, 45
trucking, 6, 73–74, 75, 76, 77
warehousing, 6, 73–74
gasoline, shipments of, 47, 48
gateways, 52, 53, 54, 55, 147
geographic factors, 44, 48
GDP, 4, 44, 45, 48, 68
international, see International freight shipments
local vs long-haul, 46, 47
manufactured goods, international freight, 4, 48, 49–53
by mode, 44, 51
motor vehicle shipments, 52, 62, 64, 128
rail, 2, 4, 5, 16, 21–22, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 61–64
regional factors, 2, 46
revenues, 2, 6, 21, 61–62
shipment size (weight), 48, 49
state-level factors, 52, 53
interstate transportation, 62, 64
terrorism, 98
tonnage, 52
U.S. totals, 3–4, 13–14, 16, 25, 28, 42, 44–50 (passim), 59, 60
see also Ton-miles (freight)
waterborne, 2, 4, 25–27, 44, 50, 51, 52, 53, 59
barges, 26, 27, 133
international, 2, 4, 25, 28, 50–51
tankers, 26, 27, 28, 43
oil spills, 9, 104, 123–124
ton-miles, 4, 16, 44, 46
wholesale/retail trade, 44, 45
see also Long-distance freight transportation;
Trucks and trucking
FHWA, see Federal Highway Administration
G
Gas, see Natural gas
Gasoline, 103
air pollution, 10, 117, 119–120, 121
evaporative emissions, 10, 132
economic indices, 8, 69, 72, 111; see “fuel economy” infra
freight shipments of, 47, 48
fuel economy, 8, 9, 104, 105–109, 115, 135
reformulated, 112–113, 135–136
taxes, 7, 78, 135
underground storage tanks, 10, 132–133
see also Alternative and replacement fuels
GDP, see Gross Domestic Product
Gender factors
local trips, 38, 39
long-distance travel, 40
passenger mobility patterns, 39–40
road accidents, injuries and fatalities, 98–99
General Accounting Office, see U.S. General Accounting Office
General aviation, 2, 15, 22, 25, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 100, 119
Global Positioning Systems, 3, 31–32
Geographic factors
data needs, 3, 10, 11, 144
freight, 44, 48
international trade, domestic transportation of, 10, 44, 143, 147
long-distance travel, 42
oil, geopolitical factors, 109–110
passenger travel, 41–42
transit, 59
see also Maps and mapping; Regional factors; Rural areas; Suburban areas; Urban areas; specific regions
Geographic information systems, 3
Georgia, high-speed rail, 24
Germany, 28, 49
Global climate change, 9, 104, 114–116
Global Positioning Systems, 3, 31–32, 98, 114
Government expenditures, 5, 7, 67, 69, 78, 79–81, 145
federal, 7, 23, 69, 78, 79, 80, 81
local, 7, 69, 79, 80, 81
state, 7, 69, 79, 80, 81
Government investment, 80–81
Government Performance and Results Act, 144
Government revenues, 5, 6–7, 67, 78–79
federal, 7, 78
highways, 7, 78, 79
inflation, impact on, 78
local, 7, 78–79
by mode, 78, 79
state, 7, 78–79, 80, 135
taxes, 7, 78–79, 135
waterborne transportation, 78–79
Government role, see Federal government;
Local government; State government
GPRA, see Government Performance and Results Act
Great Lakes, 16, 28, 59
ports, 2, 16, 25, 26, 125
Greece, 28
Greenhouse gases, 8, 104, 114–116
Kyoto Protocol, 8, 114
see also specific gases
Gross Domestic Product, 5–6, 67–71, 148
energy use, 105
freight transportation, 4, 44, 45, 48, 68
international trade, 4, 69
motor vehicles, 69
transportation-related final demand, 5–6, 67–68, 69, 78
Gulf ports, 50, 51
H
Habitat, see Wildlife
Handicapped persons, see Disabled persons
Harbors and ports, see Ports; specific cities
Hawaii, 60, 121
Hazardous air pollutants, 9, 104, 116, 121–122, 123, 130–131, 136–137
Hazardous materials, 10, 104, 116–117, 126–127
air transportation, 124, 127
costs of spills, 124
databases, 124, 127–128
data needs, 127–128, 137
dredged sediment, 9, 125, 137
pipeline accidents/injuries/fatalities, 85, 124
rail transportation, 124, 132
road transportation spills, 9, 124
spills, 123–124
standards, 130–131
state government, 127, 132, 133
state-level trends, 120–121
storage tanks, leakage, 10, 127, 132–133
vehicle and parts manufacturing, 127–130, 137–138
vehicle disposal, 133–134, 138
waterborne transportation, 124
vessel dismantling, 134–135
see also Hazardous air pollutants; Toxic pollutants
Hazardous Materials Information System, 124, 127
Helmets, bicyclists, 96
HFCs, see Hydrofluorocarbons
High-speed rail transportation, 14, 22, 23–24, 32
Highway Performance Monitoring System, 54
Highways, 14, 15, 17–20
accidents, 85
bridges, 1, 17, 20
collector, 17, 18, 56
condition and performance, 1, 14, 17, 18–19, 21, 33
developing countries, 99, 100
construction and materials, environmental impacts, 131, 137
data needs, 33, 88
extent and use, 14, 15, 17
fatalities, 7, 84, 85, 87, 88; see also “motor vehicles” under Fatalities
FHWA, 10, 14, 54, 55, 56, 148
government investment, 81
government revenues, 78, 79
government spending, 7, 80
injuries, 85; see also “motor vehicles” under Injuries
intelligent transportation systems, 31
Interstate Highway System, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 54, 56
rail crossings, 23, 31
rural, 14, 17, 19, 21
vehicle-miles traveled, 5, 54, 56
urban, 3, 5, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 54–56
see also Motor vehicles; Trucks and trucking
Highway Trust Fund, 7
Highway vehicles
asphalt and concrete, manufacturing emissions, 131
energy consumption, 104, 105–106
fatalities, 7, 84, 85, 87, 88
hazardous materials spills, 9, 124
number and use, 1–2, 15, 17–18, 21
vehicle-miles traveled, 15, 54
see also Motor vehicles; Trucks and trucking
Hispanics
local travel, 39, 41
long-distance travel, 40, 41
Hong Kong, 99
Households, 5, 6
consumer spending, general, 68, 71–73
income, 37, 39, 40–42, 68
motor vehicle ownership, 18, 20, 37
passenger travel, 37, 39, 40–41
trip chaining, 38
Houston, Texas, 5, 51, 52, 55
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 122, 138
I
Icing, aircraft, see Deicing/anti-icing
Illinois, 32, 52
see also Chicago, Illinois
Imports and exports, see International
transportation; International trade
Income, see Socioeconomic status
Incremental Train Control System, 32
Indiana, 52, 60
Information technology, see Computer systems
In-house transportation, 6, 68
Injuries, 83
air bags, causing, 90
air transportation, 85
bicyclists, 94, 95
data needs, 8, 10, 100, 146
elderly persons, 94
gender factors, 98–99
medical services, 88, 95, 97
by mode, 86, 87
motor vehicles, 84, 94
air bags, 90
pedestrians, 94
rail transportation, 85
transit, 85
trucks, 7, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91
U.S. totals, 85, 87
worldwide totals, 98–99
see also Fatalities
Inland waterways
condition and performance, 59
dredging, 9, 125, 137
extent and use, 2, 16, 25, 59
fuel tax, 78–79
locks and dams, 25, 59
recreation and tourism, 25
see also Great Lakes; Ports; Vessels
Integrated Pipeline Information System, 124
Integrated Urban Toxics Strategy, 121–122
Intelligent transportation systems, 3, 14, 31, 32, 33, 148
Intermodal/multimodal transportation, 2, 25–26, 43–44, 50, 53, 62, 64
containers and container ports, 2–3, 26, 50–51
containerships, 2, 26, 27, 28
database, 10, 144, 146
data needs, 144, 146, 147
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), 23, 144
Intermodal Transportation Database, 10, 144, 146
International agreements
greenhouse gases, Kyoto Protocol, 8, 114
Marine Pollution Convention, 125
North American Free Trade Agreement, 52
ozone layer depletion, 138
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 98
International freight shipments, 10, 25, 48–53
air, 50, 51
by country, 49
data needs, 50
domestic activity and, 10, 44, 143, 147
gateways, 52, 53, 54, 55, 147
by mode, 51
ports, 50–51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 147
rail, 50, 51, 52
trucking, 51, 52, 53
value of goods, 49–50
U.S. merchandise trade, 4, 48, 49–53
waterborne, 4, 25, 28, 50–51
International long-distance trips, 4–5, 42
International perspectives
aircraft noise, 123
developing countries, safety, 98–100
global climate change, 8, 104, 114–116
safety, 7–8, 84, 97, 98–100
terrorism, 97
International Roughness Index, 14
International trade, 4, 48–53
Asia, 4, 48, 50–51; see also specific countries
container ports, 2, 26, 50–51
data needs, 10, 50, 143, 147
domestic transportation of, 10, 44, 143, 147
eastern U.S., 50, 51
economic indices, general, 5–6, 48–49
GDP and, 4, 69
globalization, 10, 144, 147
motor vehicles, 6, 52, 128
North American Free Trade Agreement, 52
oil, 8, 104, 109–111
Pacific Rim, 4, 48, 50–51
U.S. Customs Service, 147
U.S. merchandise trade, 4, 48, 49–53
see also specific countries
International transportation
air transportation, 5, 42, 51
freight, see International freight shipments
gateways, 52, 53, 54, 55, 147
U.S. Customs Service, 147
waterborne, 2, 4, 25, 28, 50–51
Internet, 104
Interregional freight transportation, 46
Interstate freight transportation, 62, 64
Interstate Highway System
condition, 14, 17, 18, 19
extent and use, 15, 54, 56
Intoxication, see Alcohol and drug abuse
Intraregional freight transportation, 46
Investment, see Capital investment
ISTEA, see Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA)
ITS, see Intelligent transportation systems
J
Japan, 28, 49, 51, 84, 99, 111
K
Kennedy International Airport, 51, 53
Kyoto Protocol, 8, 114
L
Labor, see Employment; Productivity
Laredo, Texas, 53
Lead, 9, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 128, 134
Leaking underground storage tanks, 10, 127, 132–133
Legislation
Americans with Disabilities Act, 59, 61, 63
Clean Air Act, 114, 116, 121, 136, 137
Clean Water Act, 133
Kyoto Protocol, congressional approval, 114
Government Performance and Results Act, 144
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), 23, 144
Rail Passenger Service Act, 22
Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA–21), 10, 23, 83–84, 144, 146, 147, 148
Leisure, see Recreational activities; Recreational boating
Licenses and licensing, drivers
developing countries, driver training, 100
number of, 37
Light trucks
accidents, 43, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–93
data needs, 135
energy efficiency, 8, 105, 106–107, 109, 135
injuries/fatalities, 7, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93
number and use, 1–2, 8, 15, 106–107, 108
pollutants released during manufacturing, 131
sport utility vehicles, 1–2, 17, 84, 91, 105, 108
Liquefied petroleum gas, 111–112
Local government, 7, 38, 69, 78–79, 80, 81
Local roads
bridges, 17
vehicle-miles traveled, 56
Local travel, 4, 13, 35–37
African-Americans, 39
age factors, 39, 41
defined, 35
employment, 73, 74; see also Commuter travel
gender factors, 38, 39
household income, 37, 41–42
by mode, 37
passenger-miles, 35–36, 37, 41
purpose, 38; see also Commuter travel
rail, 2, 16, 37; see also Commuter rail transportation
trip chaining, 38
walking as a form of transportation, 4, 8, 37, 84, 90, 91, 93–95; see also Pedestrians
Locks and dams, 25, 59
Long Beach, California
international freight, 50–51
port facilities, 2, 26, 50–51, 52, 60
Long-distance freight transportation, 46
agricultural products,
air, 2, 4, 6, 15, 22, 44, 50, 51, 53, 124, 127
Canada, 49, 50, 51–52, 53, 147
chemical and allied products, 47, 62, 64
coal, 47, 48, 62, 64
containers and container ports, 2, 26, 50–51
containerships, 2, 26, 27, 28
by commodity, 47
economic factors, 4, 10, 44, 48–53
international; see International freight shipments
interstate, 62, 64
manufactured goods, 48, 49, 52
Mexico, 49, 50, 51–52, 53, 147
minerals, 47, 48, 64
by mode, 44, 51
rail, 44
ton-miles, 15, 44, 46, 51, 62, 64
see also Commodity Flow Survey
Long-distance travel (trips), 4, 13, 35
African-Americans, 40
age factors, 40, 41
air transportation, 2, 4, 6, 13, 15, 22, 25, 37, 40, 57–59, 125–127
American Travel Survey, 38, 42
buses, 5, 37, 38
business, 38, 40
children, 40, 41
cost factors, 37
domestic, 36
elderly persons, 40, 41
extent of, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41
gender factors, 40
geographic factors, 42
Hispanics, 40, 41
income factors, see “socioeconomic status” infra
international, 42
by mode, 37
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, 38
personal-use vehicles, 36–37, 40
purpose of, 38, 40
race/ethnicity, 40, 41
rail transportation, 5, 37, 38
socioeconomic status, 40, 41
trends, 35, 36
Los Angeles, California
airports, 51
high-speed rail, 23
waterborne transportation, 50, 51, 52, 60
Louisiana, 51, 60
LPG, see Liquefied petroleum gas
Lumber and wood products
alcohol fuels, 113
freight shipments, 47
international trade, 52
M
Mail, see Postal services
Maintenance and repair, pollutant emissions, 131–133
Manufactured goods, 47
international freight, 4, 48, 49, 52
U.S. merchandise trade, 48, 49, 49–53
vehicles and vehicle parts, pollutants, 10, 117, 127–131, 137–138
Maps and mapping
airports, enplanements, 58
freight
gateways, 55
rail networks, 63
ports, 54, 60
high-speed rail corridors, 24
transit markets, 61
Marine Pollution Convention, 125
Marine vessels
containerships, 2, 26, 27, 28
cruise ships, 16, 25, 26
dismantling, 134–135
recreational boats, 2, 16, 25, 84, 85, 86, 129, 131
tankers, 26, 27, 28, 43
oil spills, 9, 104, 123–124
Maritime Administration, 27, 28, 134–135
Maritime transportation, 2, 4
accidents, 84, 85, 86
coastwise transportation, 25, 26, 59
cruise ships, 16, 25, 26
data needs, 11
extent and use, 2, 16, 25–27
freight, 2, 4, 25–27, 44, 50, 51, 52, 53, 59
containers and container ports, 2–3, 26, 50–51
containerships, 2, 26, 27, 28
tankers, 26, 27, 28, 43
oil spills, 9, 104, 123–124
see also Ports; Vessels
Maryland, 2
Massachusetts, 60
Mass transit, see Transit
Medical services
accidental injuries, 88, 95
terrorism, 97
Men, see Gender factors
Methane, 114
Methanol, 112–113
Mexico, 4
freight, 49, 50, 51–52, 53, 147
North American Free Trade Agreement, 52
passenger travel, 42
Miami, Florida, international freight, 52, 60
Michigan
freight, 52, 53, 60
high-speed rail, 23, 32
waterborne transportation, 60
Mid-range travel (trips), 11
Midwest U.S.
consumer spending, 71
high-speed rail, 23
see also specific states
Minerals and mining, 47, 48, 64
coal, 47, 48, 62, 64
Minnesota, 60
Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity; specific groups
Missouri, 60
Mobility
database on, 10
factors associated with, 39–42
Modified Marine Safety Information System, 124
Motorcycles, 15, 18, 21, 84, 87, 88, 89, 91, 123
Motor Freight Transportation and Warehousing Survey, 68
Motor oil, 134
Motor vehicles
accidents, 7, 84
age factors, 7, 94, 95
buses, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–93
light trucks/SUVs, 43, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–93
pedestrians, 7, 84, 86, 93, 94, 95, 96
personal-use, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92
trucks, 88
age of vehicle, 20, 31, 33
air bags, 88, 90, 134
air pollution, 9, 117, 129
air conditioning (CFCs), 9, 122, 138
emission controls, 8, 10, 104, 113–114, 115–116, 121, 132
pollutants released during manufacturing, 128, 129
standards, 113–114, 115–116, 121
alcohol/drug abuse by drivers, 94, 95
alternative vehicles, 8, 112–113, 115–116
availability of, 36–37
batteries, 113, 131, 134, 138, 138
consumer spending, 69, 71, 72–73
data needs, 3, 8, 32–33
disposal, 138
fuel economy, 107, 135
elderly drivers/pedestrians, 8, 94
electric vehicles, 8, 113, 116, 136
employment of operators, 75
bus transportation, 6, 75, 76, 77
energy consumption/efficiency, 8, 56, 57, 104, 105–109, 115, 135
fatalities, 7–8, 85, 86, 93, 94
bicyclists struck by, 8, 83, 84, 86, 91, 93, 94
causes, 7, 94, 95
developing countries, 99
light trucks, 7, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93
motorcyclists, 84, 87, 88, 89, 91
pedestrians, 7, 84, 86, 93, 94
freight, shipment of motor vehicles, 52, 62, 64, 128
fuel taxes, 7, 78, 135
GDP, 69
injuries, 84, 94
air bags, causing, 90
pedestrians, 94
international trade in, 52, 128
motor oil, maintenance spills, 131
noise pollution, 9, 123, 137
number of, 1–2, 13, 15, 17–18, 98, 106–107
ownership, household, 18, 20, 37
personal consumption, 6
pollutants, manufacturing phase, 117, 127–131
recycling of waste, 133
safety belts, 88, 90, 92
taxis, 75, 84, 91
technological innovations, 112–113, 115–116, 117, 136
vans,
fuel economy, 109
number of, 108
used in school transportation, 93
vanpooling, 3, 29, 86
vehicle-miles traveled, 5, 8, 15, 56
air pollution, 117, 119
data needs, 100
fatalities, 7, 84
by functional class, 56
personal-use vehicles, 37, 39
see also Buses; Diesel fuel; Gasoline; Highway vehicles; Personal-use vehicles; Road transportation; Trucks and trucking
Multimodal transportation, see Intermodal/multimodal transportation
N
NAFTA, see North American Free Trade Agreement
National Academy of Sciences, 143
National accounts, 81
National Airspace Commission, 98
National Defense Reserve Fleet, 135
National Emission Trends, 117, 120, 126–127, 132, 136, 137
National Highway System, 15
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 84, 90, 92
National Industry-Occupation Employment Matrix, 75
National Occupant Protection Use Survey, 90
National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems, 22, 25
National Railroad Passenger Corporation,
see Amtrak
National Research Council, 10
National security
government expenditures, 69
National Defense Reserve Fleet, 135
oil supply, 104, 109–111
waterborne transportation, 28
National Toxics Inventory, 120, 128, 136–137
National Transportation Atlas Database, 10, 146–148
National Transportation Safety Board, 92, 93, 124
National Travel Survey, 36
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, 10, 18, 20, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 55, 56–57, 88, 93, 148
Natural gas
as alternative fuel, 112, 113, 116
energy use, 100
liquefied petroleum gas, 111–112
pipelines, 3, 6, 9, 13, 17, 27, 76, 85, 86, 103, 122–123, 124
accidents/injuries/fatalities, 8, 85, 86, 124, 137
Navigational aids, Global Positioning Systems, 3, 31–32, 98
Netherlands, 49, 99
New Jersey
freight, 51, 52, 60
waterborne transportation, 51, 52, 60
New York City
airports, 51, 53
Canadians, trips to,
high-speed rail, 23
waterborne transportation, 51, 52, 60
New York State
freight, 51, 52, 60
high-speed rail, 23
zero emission vehicles, 113–114
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 119, 130
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), 104, 117, 118, 119, 122, 126, 130
Nitrous oxide (N2O), 114
Noise
aircraft, 9, 123, 137
data needs, 116–117, 137
motor vehicle traffic, 9, 123, 137
railroad vehicles, 123, 137
Nonhazardous industrial wastes, 9, 130
Norfolk, Virginia, 51, 52, 60
North America, see Canada; Mexico; Regional factors, specific U.S. cities and states
North American Free Trade Agreement, 52
North American Interchange on Transportation Statistics, 11, 148
North American Transportation Statistics Project, 147
North Carolina, 24, 52
Northeast U.S.
consumer spending, 71–72
high-speed rail transportation, 23, 24
see also specific states
O
Oakland, California, 52
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 43
Ocean transportation, see Maritime transportation
Office of Pipeline Safety, 27 (n. 6), 124
O’Hare Airport, 125–126
Ohio, 52, 60
Oil, 3, 9, 103
consumption, 8, 103, 104, 110, 111
fuel economy standards, 8, 56, 105, 106, 107
highway vehicles, 8, 56, 57, 104, 105–109, 115, 135
foreign sources, 8, 104, 109–111
freight, 43, 51; see also “waterborne transportation (tankers)” infra
international transportation, 28, 51, 52
labor productivity, 76, 77
motor oil, 135
pipelines, 3, 6, 9, 13, 17, 27, 76, 85, 86, 103, 122–123, 124
prices, 103, 104
spills, 9, 104, 123–124
Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 104, 110
supply, 8, 103, 104, 109–111
waterborne transportation (tankers), 9, 26, 27, 28, 43, 104, 123–124
Oil spills, 9, 104, 123–124
On-time performance, 57, 58
Oregon, 23, 32
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 109–110
Otay Mesa, California, 53
Ozone, ground–level, 120
Ozone layer, 9, 122, 138
chlorofluorocarbons, 9, 117, 122, 133–134
P
Pacific Rim, trade with, 4, 48, 50–51
Pacific states, high-speed rail, 23
Parcels, see Courier services; Postal services
Parking lots, accidents, 94
Particulate matter, 117, 118, 119, 120, 125
Passenger-miles, 4, 6, 7, 76
air pollutants, 116
air transportation, 15, 22, 57, 100
European road transportation, 98
geographic origin of travelers, 42
household income, 41
local travel, 35–36, 37, 41
long-distance travel, 36, 41
racial/ethnic factors, 41
rail transportation, 109
by mode, 37
transit, 3, 5, 16, 59
U.S. total, 13, 35, 36
waterborne, 16
Passenger transportation, 4, 35–42
air, 2, 4–5, 6, 13, 15, 22, 25, 37, 40, 57–59, 125–127
baggage lost, 5, 58–59, 145
commuter, 58, 85
passenger-miles, 15, 22, 57, 100
business travel, 38, 40, 146
Canada, 23, 42
Caribbean, 42
congestion, 5, 10, 53–56, 57, 84
carpooling, 3, 29, 39, 57, 86, 116
costs of, 4, 36–37, 145
data needs, 36, 144, 145–146
distance, see Local travel; Long-distance travel (trips); Mid-range travel (trips); Passenger-miles
demographic/socioeconomic factors, 39–42, 88 (n. 2), 144
economic indices, 39–42, 88 (n. 2), 144
energy use and, 104, 105, 107, 109
household-related data, 37, 39, 40–41
income, 39, 40–41, 68
trip chaining, 38
Mexico, 42
mid-range travel (trips), 11
miles of, U.S. total, 13, 35, 36
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, 10, 18, 20, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 44, 56–57, 88, 93
purpose, 38
rail, 5, 22
Amtrak, 2, 5, 16, 22, 23, 24, 64–65, 109
commuter rail transportation, 2, 5, 16, 29, 30, 31, 59, 62, 63, 86
high-speed rail transportation, 14, 22, 23–24, 32
rural areas, 39, 42
transit, 3, 32–33
school children, 83, 88, 90–93
socioeconomic status and, 4, 37
local, 38, 39
long-distance, 40, 41
urban areas, 39, 40, 41–42; see “congestion” supra
waterborne, 16, 25, 26–27
cruise ships, 16, 25, 26
ferries, 27, 29, 59, 62
see also Buses; Commuter rail transportation; Commuter travel; Local travel; Longdistance travel (trips); Personal-use vehicles; Transit
Pedalcyclists, see Bicyclists
Pedestrians, 83, 93–95, 100
accidents/injuries, 7, 84, 86, 93, 94, 95, 96
alcohol abuse by, 8, 94
bicycling on sidewalks, 96
developing countries, safety, 100
elderly, 7, 94
fatalities, 7, 8, 84, 86, 93, 94
age factors, 8, 94
see also Walking as a form of transportation
Pennsylvania, 52
Performance Monitoring System, 59
Personal-use vehicles, 4, 36–37
accidents/fatalities, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92
age of motor vehicle, 20, 31, 33
air bags, 88, 90, 134
availability of, 36–37
bicycles, 4, 8, 37, 83, 84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 95–96
carpooling, 3, 29, 39, 57, 86, 116
child safety, 88, 92
cost of, 36–37
energy efficiency, 8, 56, 57, 104, 105–107, 109
gender factors, 39
government revenues, 79
households owning, 18, 20, 37
injuries, 87
long-distance travel, 36–37, 40
motorcycles, 15, 18, 21, 84, 87, 88, 89, 91, 123
number of, 1–2, 15, 18, 20, 21, 98, 106–107, 108
recycling of waste, 133
safety, 88, 90
trip chaining, 38
vehicle-miles traveled, 37, 39
see also Light trucks
Petroleum and petroleum products,
see Gasoline; Motor oil; Natural gas; Oil
Phoenix, Arizona, 5, 55
Pipelines,
accidents/fatalities, 85, 86
data needs, 8, 100
property damage, 124
spills, 124, 137
air pollution, 8, 9, 122–123
data needs, 3, 8, 32, 100
economic indices, 44
employment, 73, 74, 76, 77
energy use, 105
extent, use, and performance, 3, 4, 17, 27, 44, 51
government revenues, 78
government spending, 7, 80
hazardous materials, accidents/injuries/
fatalities, 85, 124
labor productivity, 6, 76, 77
oil and gas, 3, 6, 9, 13, 17, 27, 76, 85, 86, 103, 122–123, 124
Police accident reports, 96
Political factors, foreign oil supply, 8, 104, 110
Pollution, 116–135, 136–138
aircraft
airborne emissions, 9, 117, 122, 126
icing/deicing agents, 127
manufacturing releases, 129, 130–131
vehicles and vehicle parts, pollutants, 127–128
see also Air pollution; Air quality; Environment; Hazardous materials; Noise; Solid waste; Toxic pollutants; Waste materials Water pollution
Polychlorinated biphenyls, 134–135
Ports
condition and performance, 25, 26, 59
containers and container ports, 2–3, 26, 50–51
cruise ships, 25
dredged sediment, 9, 125, 137
extent and use, 2, 16, 25–26, 54, 59
Great Lakes, 2, 16, 25, 26, 125
Gulf ports, 50, 51
international freight, 50–51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 147
international gateways, 52, 53, 54, 55, 147
pollution, 125
regional factors, general, 2, 50
tonnage handled, 16, 52, 60
see also Airports; specific cities
Postal services, 4, 43, 44, 46, 48
U.S. Postal Service, 131
Present Serviceability Rating, 17
Presidents Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection, 97–98
Productivity, 5, 6, 10, 53, 64, 67, 74, 76–77
Propane, 111
Property damage, 8, 53, 61, 100, 101, 124, 146
Property taxes, 78
Protective devices, see Air bags; Helmets;
Seat belts
Public opinion
air transportation, consumer complaints, 5, 58–59
Amtrak, 65
road transportation, congestion, 57
Puget Sound, 60
R
Race/ethnicity
African-Americans, 39, 40
Asians/Pacific Islanders, 41
data needs, 143–144
Hispanics, 39, 40, 41
local travel, 41
long-distance travel, 40, 41
Rail Passenger Service Act, 22
Railroads, 14
accidents, 32, 85
Amtrak, 2, 5, 16, 22, 23, 24, 64–65, 109
coal freight, 47, 48, 62
commuter rail transportation, 5, 16, 29, 30, 31, 59, 62, 63, 86
Amtrak, 2, 5, 16, 22, 23, 24, 64–65, 109
condition and performance, 21, 61–65
data needs, 88, 132
disabled persons, 63
disposal of infrastructure, 133
economic indices, 2, 6, 21, 61–62
employment, 16, 21, 73, 74, 75, 76
energy use, 105, 109
extent and use, 2, 16, 21–22, 61–64
fatalities, 84, 85, 86, 88, 100–101
Federal Railroad Administration, 32
fueling emissions, 132
freight, 2, 4, 5, 16, 21–22, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 61–64
ton-miles, 4, 6, 44, 46, 62, 64
government spending, 7, 80
hazardous materials, 124, 132
high-speed rail transportation, 14, 22, 23–24, 32
highway crossings, 23, 31
injuries, 85
information technology, 31, 32
intermodal, 62
international freight, 50, 51, 52
labor productivity, 6, 64, 74
long-distance travel, 5, 37, 38
noise, 123, 137
passenger transportation, 5, 22
Amtrak, 2, 5, 16, 22, 23, 24, 64–65, 109
commuter rail transportation, 2, 5, 16, 29, 30, 31, 59, 62, 63, 86
high-speed rail transportation, 14, 22, 23–24, 32
pollutants released during manufacturing, 129
regional factors, general, 2, 16
safety, 14, 23, 31, 32; see also “accidents” supra
speed, 32; see “high-speed rail transportation” supra
urban, commuter rail transportation, 2, 5, 16, 29, 30, 31, 59, 62, 63, 86
Amtrak, 2, 5, 16, 22, 23, 24, 64–65, 109,
Rapid transit, see Commuter rail transportation
Recreational activities
bicycling, 93
inland waterways, 25
purpose for travel, 38
Recreational boating
accidents/injuries, 85
fatalities, 84, 85, 86
number of boats, 2, 16, 25
pollutants released during manufacturing, 129, 131
Recycling of waste, 133–135, 138
Reformulated gasoline, 112–113, 135–136
Regional factors
air transportation, 15
consumer spending, 71–72
freight transportation, 2, 46
high-speed rail transportation, 23
ports, 2, 50
railroads, 2, 16
see also specific regions
Regulations, see Standards
Repair services, see Maintenance and repair
Replacement fuels, see Alternative and replacement fuels
Retail trade, see Wholesale/retail trade
Revenues, see Transportation revenues
Rivers, 60
see also Inland waterways
Road transportation, 7, 14, 15, 17–20, 54–57
arterial roads, 14, 17, 18, 19, 54, 56
bridges, 1, 17, 20, 33, 137
carpooling, 3, 29, 39, 57, 86, 116
collector roads, 17, 18, 56
congestion, 5, 10, 53–56, 57, 84
freight, see Trucks and trucking
hazardous materials, 9, 124
local roads, 17, 56
rural areas, 14, 17, 19, 21
vehicle-miles traveled, 5, 54, 56
safety
international trends, 98–100
U.S. trends, 83–87 (passim), 88–96
speed and speed limits
commuting, 39, 54, 56
energy efficiency, 105
state investments, 81
system mileage, 1, 14, 16, 17
see also Highways; Highway vehicles; Motor
vehicles; Vehicle-miles traveled
Rural areas
commuting speed/congestion, 39, 56, 57
consumer spending, 6, 72
passenger travel, 39, 42
roads and highways, 14, 17, 19, 21
vehicle-miles traveled, 5, 54, 56
transit, 3, 32–33
Russia, 110
S
Safety, see Transportation safety
Safety belts, 88, 90, 92
San Francisco, California
airports, 51, 127
high-speed rail, 23
waterborne transportation, 60
Satellite accounts, see Transportation Satellite Accounts
School bus safety, 83, 88, 91, 92–93
Scrap materials, see Recycling of waste
Sea-going shipping, see Marine vessels;
Maritime transportation
Seat belts, see Safety belts
Seattle, Washington, sea-going freight, 2, 26, 51, 52
Sediment, dredged, 9–10, 125, 137
Service industries, general
consumer spending on transportation, 73
employment, 73, 74
freight and, 44
value-added, 44
vehicle maintenance and repair, pollutant emissions, 131–133
Ships, see Maritime transportation; Vessels
Short trips, see Local travel
Singapore, 51
Socioeconomic status
bus use, 37
consumer spending, general, 68, 71–73
freight, 44
household income, 39, 40–41, 68
passenger travel, 37
local, 38, 39
long-distance, 40, 41
per capita income, 4, 37, 44
transportation industry wages and salaries, 74
Solid waste, 9, 116–117, 127, 129, 130
highway and bridge construction debris, 137
recycling, 133
vehicle disposal, 10, 133–135, 138
South Carolina, Charleston, 51, 52, 60
Southern U.S.
consumer spending, 6, 71–72
high-speed rail, 24
see also specific states
South Korea, 99, 111
Speed
road transportation, commuting, 39
transit, 61
Sport utility vehicles, 1–2, 17, 84, 91, 105, 108
Standards
air quality,
Clean Air Act, 114, 116, 121, 136, 137
criteria and related pollutants, 116, 117, 119–120, 123, 126–127, 130, 138
electric utilities, 61
greenhouse gases, 8, 114
motor vehicle emissions, 113–114, 115–116, 121
urban, 115–116
data needs, 136, 137, 138
developing countries, road safety, 100
freight classification, 43, 46, 48
fuel economy, 8, 56, 105, 106, 107
hazardous materials, 130–131
leaking underground tanks, 132–133
metric/U.S. weights and measures, conversion, 155–156
national accounts, 81
noise, 123
pipeline safety, 124
school children, transportation of, 92, 93
vehicle manufacturing pollutants, 130–131
State government, 143
expenditures, 7, 69, 79, 80, 81
federal grants to, 7, 79, 80
hazardous materials leaks, 127, 132, 133
investment, road transportation, 81
lead-acid battery recycling, 134
revenues, 6–7, 78–79, 80, 135
safety belt laws, 90
vehicle maintenance and repair, pollution controls, 131–132
State-level factors
air toxic pollutants, 120–121
freight transportation, 52, 53
interstate transportation, 62, 64
see also specific states
Statistical methodology, 1
safety rates, 84, 87
see also Data needs
St. Lawrence Seaway, 16
Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 104, 110
Suburban areas, 39, 41–42, 57
Sulfur emissions, 117, 119, 123, 128
System mileage, 13
oil and gas pipelines, 3
road transportation, 1, 14, 16, 17
transit, 3
T
Tacoma, Washington, 2, 26, 51, 52
Taiwan, 28, 49, 99, 111
Tankers, 26, 27, 28, 43
oil spills, 9, 104, 123–124
Taxation
inland waterway fuels, 78–79
motor vehicle fuels, 7, 78, 135
property, 78
Taxis, 6, 75, 84, 91
TEA-21, see Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century
Technological innovations
aircraft/airport deicing, 127
alternative and replacement fuels, 111–114
alternative vehicles, 8, 112–113
developing countries, road safety, 100
emission controls, 104, 121
fuel efficiency, 8, 104, 107
Global Positioning Systems, 3, 31–32, 98, 114
maritime navigation, 28
motor vehicle safety, air bags, 88, 90, 134
safety
air bags, 88, 90, 134
general, 7
Telecommunications, 13
Internet, 104
terrorism, 97
Terrorism, 83, 84, 96–98
Texas
freight, 52, 53
Houston, congestion, 5
Texas Transportation Institute, 5, 55, 56–57
Tires, safety, 105
Ton-miles (freight), 6, 76, 148
air transportation, 3, 15, 44, 46
by commodity, 47, 48
growth factors and, 45
local vs long-haul, 46
by mode, 44, 46, 51
intermodal, 43–44
long-distance freight, 15, 44, 46, 51, 62, 64
oil and gas pipelines, 17
pipeline, 44, 46
rail, 4, 6, 44, 46, 62, 64
by shipment size, 49
trucking, 4, 44, 45, 46, 51
U.S. total, 3–4, 13–14, 35, 42–43
waterborne transportation, 4, 16, 44, 46
Toxic pollutants, 9, 104, 116, 117, 120–123, 125, 126, 133–135
National Toxics Inventory, 120, 128, 136–137
vehicle cleaning, 133
vehicle maintenance, 131–132
vehicle manufacture, 127–130, 137–138
Toxics Release Inventory, 127–128, 133, 137–138
see also Hazardous materials
Toxics Release Inventory, 127–128, 133, 137–138
Trains, see Railroads
Transit
accidents, 84, 85
buses, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92–93
condition and performance, 31, 53, 59, 61, 62, 63
data needs, 3, 32–33, 107
demand response, 16, 31, 59, 61, 62, 63, 86
disabled persons, 31, 53, 59, 61, 63
economic factors, 16, 75, 76, 77
government revenues, 59, 61, 62, 79
government spending, 3, 59, 61, 62
employment, 16, 75, 76, 77
energy use, 105
environmental factors, 116
extent and use, 3, 5, 13, 16, 29–31, 39, 59, 61, 62
fatalities, 84, 85, 86, 91, 93, 100
federal subsidies, 3, 5, 29, 31
Federal Transit Administration, 3, 29, 32
ferries, 5, 27, 29, 59, 62
government revenues/expenditures, 59, 61, 62, 79
injuries, 85
intelligent transportation systems, 31
labor productivity, 76, 77
passenger-miles, 3, 5, 16, 59
property damage, 61
rural areas, 3, 32–33
terrorism, 84
urban capacity and use, 3, 5, 13, 16, 29–31, 39, 59, 61, 62
vehicles, 3, 16, 29, 31
see also Buses; Road transportation; Railroads
Transportation employment, see Employment
Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), 10–11, 23, 83–84, 144, 146, 147, 148
Transportation expenditures, 5, 6
capital investment, 7, 69, 76, 80, 81
consumer expenditures on transportation, 5, 6, 67, 68–73
government expenditures, 5, 7, 67, 69, 78, 79–81, 145
see also Cost and cost-benefit factors
Transportation-related final demand, 67–68, 69, 78
Transportation Research Board, 92, 144
Transportation revenues
air transportation, passengers, 57
buses, 59
rail freight, 2, 6, 21, 61–62
rail passenger travel, 59
transit, 59, 61, 62
see also Government revenues; Gross Domestic Product
Transportation safety, 1, 7–8, 53, 83–102
air bags, 88, 90, 134
children, 39, 41, 83–84, 88, 90–93, 94, 100
data needs, 8, 10, 11, 100, 146, 148
accidents, 8, 88, 98, 100–101
risk exposure, 8, 100, 143–144
demographic factors, 39–41, 100, 143–144
developing countries, 98–100
elderly persons, 7, 94, 100
foreign countries, 8, 84, 97, 98–100
helmets, bicyclists, 96
medical services, injuries, 88, 95
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 84, 90, 92
National Transportation Safety Board, 92, 93, 124
rail transportation, 14, 23, 31, 32
risk exposure, 8, 94, 95, 100
safety belts, 88, 90, 92
school bus safety, 83, 88, 91, 92–93
terrorism, 83, 84, 96–98
waterborne transportation, vessel
dismantling, 134
see also Accidents; Alcohol and drug abuse; Crashes; Fatalities; Hazardous materials; Injuries; Toxic pollutants
Transportation Satellite Accounts, 6, 68
Travel, see Business travel; Mid-range travel (trips); Long-distance travel (trips)
Trip purpose, 38
business travel, 38, 40, 146
recreational, 2, 16, 25, 84, 85, 86, 93, 129, 131
Trucks and trucking, 4, 45
accidents, 88
age of vehicle, 20
air pollution, 117
data needs, 136
economic indices, 14, 44, 45, 46, 68
employment, 6, 73–74, 75, 76, 77
energy efficiency, 105, 106–107, 136
for-hire, 4, 6, 45, 46, 68
in-house transportation, 6, 68
injuries/fatalities, 7, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91
international, 51, 52, 53
labor productivity, 6, 76
Mexican freight, 49, 50, 51–52, 53, 147
manufacturing of, pollutants, 129
number and use, 2, 4, 15, 18, 21, 44, 98
ton-miles, 4, 44, 45, 46, 51
vehicle disposal, 133
see also Light trucks
TSAs, see Transportation Satellite Accounts
U
Underground storage tanks, 10, 127, 132–133
Union Pacific Railroad, 23, 32
United Kingdom, 28, 49, 51, 99–100
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 114
Urban areas
air pollution, 113–114, 115–116, 121–122, 126
bicycle lanes, 96
buses, 16, 29, 37
commuting speed, 39; see also “congestion” infra
congestion, 5, 10, 53–56, 57, 84
carpooling, 3, 29, 39, 57, 86, 116
consumer spending, 72
developing countries, 99
highways, 3, 5, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 54–56
intelligent transportation systems, 3, 31
intercity travel, 2, 5; see also Amtrak
buses, 37
cost of, 37
employment, 73, 74
high-speed rail, 14, 22, 23–24, 32
rail, general, 27
local passenger travel, 39, 42
long-distance travel, 40, 42; see “intercity travel” supra
sprawl, 99
suburban areas, 39, 41–42, 57
transit capacity and use, 3, 5, 13, 16, 29–31, 39, 59, 61, 62
vehicle-miles traveled, 5, 54, 56
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 10, 25, 43, 59, 137
U.S. Coast Guard, 27, 28, 31, 124
U.S. Customs Service, 147
U.S. Department of Commerce, 43
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 75
Transportation Satellite Accounts, 6, 68
see also Bureau of the Census
U.S. Department of State, 97
U.S. Department of Transportation
air transportation, consumer complaints, 58–59
data needs, 144
hazardous materials spills, 124
local travel, 35
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, 11, 18, 20, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 44, 56–57, 88, 93
safety policy, 7, 83, 144
school children, safety, 83–84
see also Bureau of Transportation Statistics; specific administrations
U.S. merchandise trade, 4, 48, 49–53
U.S. Navy, 134
U.S. Postal Service, 131
V
Vanpooling, 3, 29, 86
Vans
fuel economy, 109
number of, 108
used in school transportation, 93
Vehicle disposal, 10, 133–135, 138
Vehicle-miles traveled, 3, 5, 8, 15, 56
air pollution, 117, 119
data needs, 100
fatalities, 7, 84
by functional class, 56
safety, general, 8
urban areas, 5, 54, 56
Vehicles, 3, 14
age of vehicle, 20, 33
data needs, 3, 32–33, 107
disposal of, 10, 133–135, 138
manufacturing phase pollution, 10, 117, 127–131, 137–138
number of, 1–2
transit, 3, 16, 29, 31
see also Alternative vehicles; Bicycles; Motor vehicles; Personal-use vehicles; Rented vehicles; Vessels
Venezuela, 49, 110
Vessels
accidents, 84, 85, 86
recreational boating, 84, 85, 86
barges, 26, 27, 133
data needs, 33
dismantling, 134–135
ferries, 5, 27, 29, 59, 62
inland water, 26, 27, 133
marine vessels,
containerships, 2, 26, 27, 28
cruise ships, 16, 25, 26
dismantling, 134–135
tankers, 26, 27, 28, 43
oil spills, 9, 104, 123–124
number and use, 2, 16, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
pollution from, 125
recreational boats, 2, 16, 25, 84, 85, 86, 129, 131
shipbuilding, 28, 130
Virginia
Dulles Airport, 126–127
Hampton Roads, 2, 26
high-speed rail, 24
Norfolk, 51, 52, 60
Volatile organic compounds, 9, 104, 117, 118, 119, 123, 128, 130, 132
W
Walking as a form of transportation, 4, 7, 37, 84, 90, 91, 93–95
see also Pedestrians
Warehousing, 6, 68
employment, 6, 73–74
Washington, DC, see District of Columbia
Washington State
motor vehicle service stations, pollutants, 131–132
rail transportation, information technology, 32
Port of Seattle, 2, 26, 51, 52
Port of Tacoma, 2, 26, 51, 52
Waste materials, 125–127
dredge sediment, 9, 125, 137
nonhazardous industrial wastes, 9, 130
recycling, 133–135, 138
vehicle cleaning, 132
vehicle disposal, 133–135, 138
vehicle manufacturing, 127, 129
see also Solid waste
Waterborne transportation, 59
accidents, 84, 85, 86
barges, 26, 27, 133
cruise ships, 16, 25, 26
data needs, 10–11, 33, 100
dredging, 9, 125, 137
eastern U.S., 4, 50, 51
employment, 73, 75
energy use, 105
extent and use, 16, 25–27, 59
fatalities, 85, 86
ferries, 5, 27, 29, 59, 62
freight, 2, 4, 25–27, 44, 50, 51, 52, 53, 59
barges, 26, 27, 133
international, 2, 4, 25, 28, 50–51
tankers, 26, 27, 28, 43
oil spills, 9, 104, 123–124
ton-miles, 3–4, 16, 44, 46
government revenues/spending, 7, 78–79
hazardous materials spills, 124
injuries, 85
international freight, 2, 4, 25, 28, 50–51
passenger transportation, 16, 25, 26–27
cruise ships, 16, 25, 26
ferries, 5, 27, 29, 59, 62
recreational boats, 2, 16, 25, 84, 85, 86, 129, 131
safety, 85, 100
tankers, 26, 27, 28, 43
oil spills, 9, 104, 123–124
see also Inland waterways; Maritime transportation; Ports; Recreational boating; Vessels; specific rivers and waterways
Water pollution, 125
data needs, 116–117
deicing/anti-icing agents, 127
dredging, 9, 125, 137
hazardous materials spills, 124
maritime, 125
oil spills, 9, 104, 123–124
pipeline spills, 124, 137
storage tanks, leakage, 10, 127, 132–133
Weather conditions, 100, 103
accidents, 8
air transportation, deicing, 127
alternative fuel vehicles, 113
road transportation, 8
Western U.S.
consumer spending, 71
oceanborne international trade, 4, 50–51
see also Midwest U.S.; Pacific states; specific states
White persons, local travel, 39
Wholesale/retail trade, 44, 45, 68
Wildlife, 9, 125
data needs, 116–117
Wisconsin, 60
Women, see Gender factors
Wood products, see Lumber and wood products
Workforce, see Employment
World Health Organization, 98–99
World Wide Web, see Internet
Wyoming, 62