Index
Index
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
A
Accessibility to transportation. See Mobility and accessibility
Accidents. See also Crashes; Fatalities; Injuries
air carriers, 66-67
air taxis, 44, 66-67
alcohol-related, 72 (See also Alcohol-related accidents)
commercial aviation, 4, 66-67, 68
commuter air carriers, 44, 66-67
Firestone tires, 58
general aviation, 4, 41, 42, 44, 45, 66-67, 68
involving tires, 58
overview, 39-40
pipelines, 42, 44, 75-76
railroads, 4, 41, 42, 44, 74, 79, 80
recreational boating, 41, 42, 44, 70, 71, 72-73
weather conditions and, 68
Acetaldehyde, 190, 192
Aerospace industry, 6, 232-233
Africa, oil reserves, 227
Agricultural commodities, U.S. trade, 155
Agriculture industry, in-house transportation, 143
AHS. See American Housing Survey
Air bags, 55
Air couriers, 117-120
Air freight, 5, 84
domestic freight shipments, 115-120
international trade shipments, 155-158
Air interdiction of drugs, 216, 234
Air pollutant emissions, 7, 186-192
carbon emissions, 7, 169, 174, 184-187, 201
emissions data, 243
greenhouse gas, 7, 169, 182, 184-185, 243
lead emissions, 186, 187
nitrogen oxide emissions, 7, 169, 186, 187
toxic, 190-192
Air quality monitoring, data, 243
Air taxis, accidents and fatalities, 44, 66-67
Air traffic control
cyber-terrorism, 223
and flight delays, 112
Air traffic hubs, 92-93, 113, 114
Air transportation
access to, 96, 97
accidents and fatalities, 4, 41, 42, 44, 45, 66-67, 68
air traffic control, 112, 223
air traffic hubs, 92-93, 113, 114
airfares, 85
airline data, 241-242
airport runways, 31, 68, 170, 204
congestion causes, 84
deregulation, 17
disposable income and air travel, 85
employment, 139
energy intensity, 178, 179
enplanements at airports, 92-93
extent, 3, 14, 15
flight delays and cancellations, 5, 84, 112-114
flights abroad, 225
freight shipments, 5, 84, 115-120, 155-158
fuel costs, 147, 148
impact of higher fuel prices, 147
labor productivity, 144, 145
NAFTA shipments, 161
on-time reporting, 113
percentage of GDP, 140, 141, 142-143
percentage of transportation energy use, 172
risk exposure, 43
terrorism, 215, 222, 223, 224-226
top 10 airports for percentage of flights delayed, canceled, and diverted, 114
Aircraft
equipment and parts, 161
manufacturing, 215, 232-233
number operated, 3
Aircraft fuel, lead emissions, 186
Aircraft noise, 7, 169, 193-194
Airfares, 85
Airlifts, military. See Military forces and materiel
Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, 17
Airlines. See Air transportation
Airport Noise and Capacity Act of 1990, 193
Airport runways
condition and inspection, 31
incursions involving GA aircraft, 68
wetland impacts, 170, 204
Airports
enplanements at, 92-93
top 10 for percentage of flights delayed, canceled, and diverted, 114
Alabama, vehicle-miles of travel, 87
Alaska
crude oil shipments, 84
oil reserves, 227
Alcohol-related accidents
motor vehicles, 40, 52-54
bicycle fatalities, 61
economic cost, 48
involving pedestrians, 63, 65
recreational boating, 72
Alcohols and ethers. See Replacement fuels
Alien smuggling and interdiction, 8, 216, 236-237
Alternative and replacement fuels, 169, 174-175
American Housing Survey (AHS), 99
American Public Transportation Association, transit ridership growth, 102
American Travel Survey, 241, 242
Ammonia and ammonium sulfate, 186, 187
Amtrak, 96, 97, 178
Animals, collisions with bicycles, 62
Appalachian Region, communities beyond reasonable access distance, 96-97
Aquarium fish and plants, 210-211
Arizona, NAFTA border crossings, 162
Armed forces. See Military forces and materiel
Asia
imports from, 121
trade partners, 155, 158
Atlanta, Georgia, air traffic hub, 92, 93
Australia, oil production, 228
Auto repair, employment, 139
Automated guideways, 25
Automobile manufacturing
NAFTA and, 161
reporting defects, 58
Automotive dealers and service station industry, employment, 139
Aviation industry. See Air transportation
Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990, 225
B
BAC. See Blood alcohol concentration
Baltimore, Maryland, enplanements, 92
Barges, 27
incidents and fatalities, 70, 71
Batteries, 7, 170, 201, 202
BEA. See Bureau of Economic Analysis
Benzene, 190, 191, 192
Bicycles
crashes, injuries, and fatalities, 4, 41, 42, 46, 61-62
risk exposure, 61-62
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC), 52-53
Boating. See Recreational boating
Borders, U.S.
border crossings, 91, 161, 162
interdiction of drugs and aliens, 8, 216, 234-235
international travel and, 89-90
Brazil, oil production, 228
Bridges
conditions, 33-35
terrorist and criminal attacks, 223
Bridgestone/Firestone Corporation, 58
BTS. See Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Bulk commodity shipments, 125
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)
in-house transportation research, 135, 142
Transportation Satellite Accounts, 147, 246
Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS)
about, 241
airline delay information, 112
American Travel Survey, 241, 242
commercial freight estimates, 123-124
five-year plan, 241, 242
fuel price increase analysis, 176
impact of high gas prices on industries, 147
in-house transportation research, 135, 142
Intermodal Transportation Database, 9, 245
Livability Indicators, 205
National Transportation Atlas Database program, 245
National Transportation Library, 245
Office of Airline Information, 241
Omnibus Survey, 9, 62, 65, 242
transportation occupations in nontransportation industries estimates, 139
Bus companies, 18-19
labor productivity, 144, 145
Bus drivers, fatalities, 79, 80
Buses, 25
access to, 96, 97, 104
data, 242
energy use per pmt, 178, 179
fares, 86
fatalities, 41, 42, 79, 80
hijacking, 223
intercity, 96, 97, 178
ridership, 102
terrorist and criminal attacks, 222
1,3-butadiene, 190, 192
C
CAFE. See Corporate Average Fuel Economy
California
air traffic hubs, 92, 93
border crossings, 91, 162
enplanements, 92
ferry service, 95
international shipments, 156
NAFTA trade, 162, 165
oil reserves, 227
ports, 18, 29, 30, 121, 156
vehicle-miles of travel, 87
Canada
oil reserves, 227
supplier of U.S. oil, 156, 228
trade partner, 136, 155, 156, 158 (See also North American Free Trade Agreement)
travel to and from, 89-90
U.S.-Canada border, 91
Carbon emissions, 7, 169, 174, 184-187, 201
Cargo handling services. See Ports and cargo handling services
Caribbean, USCG's counter-narcotics initiative, 234
Cars. See Passenger cars
Caspian Sea, oil reserves, 227
Census Bureau, freight and passenger surveys, 242
Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting, 185, 243
CFS. See Commodity Flow Survey
Charlotte, North Carolina, commercial airline hub, 92, 93
Chicago, Illinois
air traffic hub, 92, 93
international shipments, 156
introduction of harmful species, 210
Child restraint systems, 55-56
Children, fatalities, 55-56
China
container traffic, 121
migrants, 236
oil reserves, 227
Cincinnati, Ohio, enplanements, 92
Civil aviation. See Air transportation
Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF), 217-218
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, 169, 173, 174, 190
Clean Water Act, 203
Cleveland, Ohio, enplanements, 92
Coal shipments, 125, 126, 131, 159
Cocaine, amount seized, 8, 216, 234, 235
Code-sharing" agreements, 17
Collisions. See Crashes
Columbia, oil production, 228
Commercial airline hubs, 92-93, 113, 114
Commercial aviation. See Air transportation
Commercial fishing industry, fatality estimates, 4, 70, 71
Commercial vessels. See also Cruise line industry
design changes, 29
incidents, injuries, and fatalities, 4, 41, 42, 44, 70-71
oil spills, 169, 195-196
Commodity Flow Survey (CFS), 117, 123, 127, 129, 131, 241, 242-243
Commodity shipments, 125-126
by air carriers, 117-120
among NAFTA partners, 161
by trucking industry, 84, 131-132
Communications systems, cyber-terrorism, 223
Commuter air carriers, accidents and fatalities, 44, 66-67
Commuter rail, 25, 26, 102
Commuting to work, 83, 85, 95, 98-100
trip chaining, 101
welfare recipients, 103-104
Computers and ADP equipment
shipments, 125, 126
U.S. trade, 155
Congo, oil reserves, 227
Construction industry, in-house transportation, 143
Consumer expenditure trends, 149
Consumer price indexes
for purchased and private transportation services, 146
for selected items, 146
Consumer prices for transportation, 146
Container trade, 29, 84, 121-122
Contaminated sediment, 7, 170, 197
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE), 180
Countries of origin of international visitors, 90
Countries visited by U.S. residents, 90
CRAF. See Civil Reserve Air Fleet
Crashes. See also Accidents; Fatalities; Injuries; Occupant crash protection
alcohol-related, 40, 48, 52-54, 61, 63, 65
characteristics, 46-47
disability caused by, 109
driver-related factors, 59
economic costs of, 48-49
emergency response time, 50-51
fatal crashes by speed limit and type of road, 50
frontal, 47
involvement by driver age, 52, 53
large trucks, 48, 52-54
linked to tires, 58
lives claimed, 39-42, 79
lives saved by safety belt use, 55
multiple-vehicle, 46
rollovers, 4, 47
run-off-the-road crashes, 46
on rural and urban roads, 50-51
side-impact, 47
single-vehicle, 46
two-vehicle, 46, 59
weather conditions, 50
Crude oil. See Oil; Petroleum
Cruise line industry
consolidations, 18
cruiseship vacations, 94
growth rate, 94
vulnerability to terrorist attacks, 222
Cuba, migrants, 236
Cyber-terrorism, 220-221, 223
D
Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas, air traffic hub, 92, 93
Data. See Transportation statistics; specific topics of interest
Day-night noise level (DNL), 193
Deaths. See Fatalities
Defense mobilization. See Military forces and materiel
Demand responsive transportation, 108
Deregulation, 17
Detroit, Michigan, port of, 161
DGPS. See Maritime Differential GPS
Disabilities and health factors affecting travel, 108-109
DNL. See Day-night noise level
DOD. See U.S. Department of Defense
Dominican Republic, migrants, 236
Dredged material, 7, 170, 197-198
used to nourish wetlands, 170, 204
Drinking water, MTBE from underground storage tanks, 199
Driving while intoxicated. See Alcohol-related accidents
Drownings, 72, 73
Drug smuggling and interdiction, 8, 216, 234-235
Drug use
estimated number of users, 234
highway crashes and, 40
Drunk driving. See Alcohol-related accidents
Dry bulk vessels, 27
Dry cargo barges, 27
E
Economic growth
consumer prices for transportation, 146
employment, 139
for-hire transportation, 6, 140-141
fuel tax revenue, 135, 151-152
gasoline prices and, 6, 147-148
highway capital stocks, 6, 153-154
household spending on transportation, 6, 135-136, 149-150
in-house transportation, 6, 18, 140, 142-143
international merchandise trade, 6, 155-158
labor productivity, 6, 144-145
NAFTA trade, 161-165
overview, 135-136
transportation financing, 246
transportation-related final demand, 6, 137-138
U.S. waterborne trade, 159-160
Ecuador, migrants, 236
EDSs. See Explosive Detection Systems
EIA. See Energy Information Administration
Electronic components and parts
NAFTA and, 161
shipments, 117, 125, 131
Electronic terrorism, 220-221, 223
Electronic toll collection (ETC) technologies, 20
Emergency response to crashes, 50-51
Emissions data, 243. See also specific emissions
Employment
transportation-related, by industry, 139
welfare-to-work issues involving transportation, 103-104
Energy and the environment
air pollutants, 7, 186-192
aircraft noise, 7, 193-194
alternative and replacement fuels, 174-175
carbon emissions, 7, 169, 174, 184-187, 201
data, 243
dredged material, 7, 197-198
energy intensity of travel and transportation, 178-179
energy use, 7, 169, 171-172
environmental indicators, 182-183
environmental justice, 170, 208-209
freight transportation and, 178-179
fuel efficiency, 7, 178, 180-181
harmful species introduction, 170, 210-212
key air pollutants, 186-189
light truck fuel efficiency, 180-181
mobile source air toxics, 190-192
nonattainment areas and, 186, 189
oil spills, 7, 169, 195-196
passenger car fuel efficiency, 180-181
passenger travel and, 178-179
petroleum consumption, 173
toxic air pollutant emissions, 190-192
transportation wastes, 201-202
underground storage tank leaks, 170, 199-200
urban sprawl, 170, 205-207
wetlands, 170, 203-204
world crude oil prices, 176-177
Energy Information Administration (EIA), 182, 185, 227, 228, 243
Energy use, 171-172
Enhanced Traffic Management System (ETMS), 244
Enplanements at major U.S. airports, 92-93
Environmental issues. See Energy and the environment; specific issues and types of pollutants
Environmental justice, 170, 208-209
EPA. See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ETC technologies. See Electronic toll collection
Ethylbenzene, 190, 192
ETMS. See Enhanced Traffic Management System
Explosive Detection Systems (EDSs), 225
Exxon Valdez spill, 195
F
FAA. See Federal Aviation Administration
Falling overboard, 70
FARS. See Fatality Analysis Reporting System
Fast ferries, 95
Fatalities
air bags and, 55
alcohol-related, 4, 52-54, 63
bicyclists, 4, 61
children less than 5 years of age, 55-56
commercial aviation, 4, 66-67, 68
exposure rates, 43-45
factors explaining decrease in, 43, 52-53
general aviation, 4, 41, 42, 44, 45, 68-69
hazardous materials transportation, 77-78
large trucks, 59
leading causes of death in people of all ages, 39
maritime, 4, 70-71
by modes of transportation, 41-42, 44, 45, 79-80 (See also Pedestrians; specific modes of transportation)
occupational, 4, 71, 79-80
pedestrian, 4, 41, 42, 46, 63-65
pipelines, 42, 44, 75-76
recreational boating, 41, 42, 44, 70, 71, 72-73
by state, 53, 54
from terrorist and criminal attacks, 215, 220, 222, 224
transportation workers, 4, 71, 79-80
Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), 46
Fatigue, crashes and incidents and, 40, 46
FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Aid Highways system, 204
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
airline delay information, 112
flight mile estimates, 66
GA flight hour estimates, 68
National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems, 31
response to hijackings, 224
runway inspections, 31
Safer Skies" program, 66, 69
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), domestic terrorist incidents, 220
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
ferry survey, 95
freight and passenger surveys, 242
ITS Joint Program Office, 20
wetlands data, 204
Federal highway construction funds, BAC laws and, 53
Federal Maritime Commission, 18
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, 59
Federal National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, 208
Federal Transit Administration, 104
assessment of transit vehicles condition, 25-26
National Transit Database, 241
Ferries, 25, 95
FHWA. See Federal Highway Administration
Financing the transportation system, 246
Fisheries industry, in-house transportation, 143
Fishing vessels, incidents and fatalities, 4, 70, 71
Flammable liquids transportation, 127
Flight delays and cancellations, 84, 112-114
Florida
air traffic hubs, 92, 93
vehicle-miles of travel, 87.
For-hire transportation, 6, 18, 140-141
fuel costs, 147, 148
labor productivity, 144
percent of GDP, 142
Foreign air carriers, flight security procedures, 225
Former Soviet Union, oil production, 228
Free Trade Agreement, 136, 161
Freight ships, incidents and fatalities, 70, 71
Freight transportation, 5, 123-124
data, 84, 242-243
domestic shipments, 84, 115-120
energy intensity, 178-179
intermodal, 124, 129-130
international shipments, 155-158
Fuel consumption, 6, 7, 175
alternative and replacement fuels, 169, 174
per household, 151
price versus consumption, 147
Fuel economy and efficiency, 7, 151, 178, 180-181
Fuel oils. See Oil
Fuel prices
gasoline, 6, 85, 147-148
increases in world crude oil prices, 176-177
price versus consumption, 147
Fuel tax revenue, 135, 151-152
G
Gasoline
blending agents, 173
prices, 6, 85, 147-148
reformulated, 174
shipments, 125, 126
toxic emissions performance standards, 190
GDP. See Gross Domestic Product
General aviation. See also Air transportation
accidents and fatalities, 4, 41, 42, 44, 45, 68-69
General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994, 232
Geographic information systems, 245
Georgia, vehicle-miles of travel, 87
Germany
trade partner, 156
visitors from, 90
Gliders. See General aviation
Global Positioning System (GPS), 20
cyber-terrorism, 223
GPS. See Global Positioning System
Great Lakes, introduction of harmful species, 210
Greenhouse gas emissions, 7, 169, 182, 184-185, 243
Greenland shelf, oil reserves, 227
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
for-hire transportation, 140-141
purchases of transportation-related goods and services, 115-116, 137-138
by selected industries, 142
transportation GDP by mode, 142
Transportation Satellite Accounts estimates and, 246
Groundwater contamination from underground storage tanks, 170, 199-200
Guam
introduction of harmful species, 210
migrant stopping point, 236
Gulf of Mexico
oil reserves, 227
ports, 156
H
Haiti, migrants, 236
Harmful species, introduction, 170, 210-212
Hawaii, vehicle-miles of travel, 87
Hazardous air pollutants. See Air pollutant emissions; specific pollutants
Hazardous Materials Information System (HMIS), 77, 244
Hazardous materials transportation
amount of, 84
classes of hazardous materials shipped, 127-128
data, 244
incidents, injuries, and fatalities, 77-78
by mode, 128
oil spills, 7, 169, 195-196
shipments by class and miles shipped, 78
shipments by class and tonnage, 127
Head of household, age and impact on transportation spending, 150
Health factors affecting travel, 108-109
Heavy rail. See Railroad industry
Helicopters. See General aviation
High-speed rail (HSR) corridors, 3, 24
Highway capital stocks, 6, 153-154
Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS), 87, 241, 244
Highway-rail grade crossings, 20, 24, 74
Highway Trust Fund (HTF), 151
Highways and roads
congestion, 13, 83-84, 101, 110-111, 205
crashes (See Crashes)
extent, 3, 14-15
fatalities (See Fatalities)
highway conditions, 32, 50
injuries (See Injuries)
military use of highway systems, 218
passenger travel, 83, 85-86
public roads, 22, 32
risk exposure, 43
terrorist and criminal attacks, 222
HMIS. See Hazardous Materials Information System
Households
fuel taxes paid, 151-152
spending on transportation, 6, 85, 135-136, 149-150, 176, 177
vehicles per household, 105-106
without vehicles, 103, 107
HPMS. See Highway Performance Monitoring System
HSR. See High-speed rail corridors
HTF. See Highway Trust Fund
Hybrid engines, 181
Hydrilla, 211
I
ICC. See Interstate Commerce Commission
Illinois
air traffic hub, 92, 93
international shipments, 156
introduction of harmful species, 210
NAFTA trade, 162, 165
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 89
Imports and exports, 6, 29, 155-158. See also specific commodities
In-house transportation, 6, 18, 140, 142-143
fuel costs, 147
Incidents. See Accidents; Crashes; specific modes of transportation
Inclined planes, 25
Indiana, NAFTA trade, 162, 165
Information technology (IT), 13, 20-21
transportation statistics and, 246
Infrastructure. See Transportation infrastructure
Injuries. See also Fatalities
by air bags, 55
bicyclists, 61-62
hazardous materials transportation, 77-78
maritime, 70
from motor vehicle collisions, 39-40
pedestrians, 63
recreational boating, 41, 42, 44, 70, 71, 72-73
from terrorist and criminal attacks, 215, 220, 222
Inland towing industry, incidents and fatalities, 70, 71
INS. See Immigration and Naturalization Service
Inspections
airport runways, 31
large trucks, 59-60
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS), 20
Intercity public services, 83, 85-86, 96-97. See also Buses; Railroad industry
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 185
Intermodal freight shipments, 124, 129-130
Intermodal Transportation Database (ITDB), 9, 245
International terrorism. See Terrorism
International trade. See also North American Free Trade Agreement
data, 245-246
merchandise, 6, 155-158
International travel to and from the United States, 83, 89-90
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 18
Interstate highways. See Highways and roads
Iowa, access to intercity public transportation, 96, 97
IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Iraq, supplier of U.S. oil, 228
IT. See Information technology
ITDB. See Intermodal Transportation Database
ITS. See Intelligent transportation systems
J
Japan
merchant shipbuilding, 230
Tokyo subway terrorist attack, 220
trade partner, 136, 155, 156, 158
visitors from, 90
Job Access and Reverse Commute grant program, 104
Journey to work. See Commuting to work
K
Kansas, access to intercity public transportation, 97
Kansas City, enplanements, 92
Kyoto Protocol, 184-185
L
Labor force increase, 86
Labor productivity, transportation, 6, 144-145
Land trade, 161, 162
Large trucks
alcohol-related fatalities, 52
crashes and fatalities, 45, 52, 59-60
percent of transportation energy use, 171, 172
safety issues, 59-60
Las Vegas, Nevada, air traffic hub, 92, 93
Latin America, accidents involving tires, 58
Lead-acid batteries, disposal, 7, 170, 201, 202
Lead emissions, 186, 187
Licensed drivers
with disabilities, 108, 109
number of, 105, 106
Life jackets, 72
Light rail. See Railroad industry
Light trucks and vans (LTVs)
air bags, 55
alcohol-related fatalities, 52
crashes, 4, 46-47
fatalities, 41, 42, 45, 52
fuel efficiency, 180-181
number of, 23, 47
passenger-miles of travel, 5, 83, 85
percentage of transportation energy use, 171, 172
risk exposure, 43
tire recalls, 58
vehicle-miles of travel, 87
Liner carriers, 17, 159
Livability Indicators, 205
Lockerbie, Scotland, 225
Los Angeles, California, air traffic hub, 92, 93
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 208
LTVs. See Light trucks and vans
Lubricants, 201
M
Manufactured goods
high-value, U.S. trade, 155
miscellaneous, shipments, 117, 125, 131
Maritime Administration Security Program (MSP), 217
Maritime Differential GPS (DGPS), 20-21
Maritime drug and alien interdiction, 8, 216, 234-237
Maritime terrorist and criminal attacks, 222, 223
Maritime vessels. See Commercial vessels
Massachusetts
BAC laws, 53
Boston area study, 104
Medical costs of crashes, 48, 49
Merchant Marine Act of 1936, Ship Financing Program (Title XI), 230-231
Merchant Mariner Licensing and Documentation System (MMLD), 244
Merchant shipbuilding and repair, 8, 27, 215, 230-231
Methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (MTBE), 170, 174-175, 190, 192, 199
Metropolitan areas. See also Urban areas
highway congestion, 101, 110-111
job decentralization, 104
Metropolitan Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Deployment Tracking Database, 244
Metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), 20
Mexico
oil reserves, 227
supplier of U.S. oil, 228
trade partner, 136, 155, 156, 158 (See also North American Free Trade Agreement)
travel to and from, 89-90
U.S.-Mexico border, 91, 161-162
Michigan
border crossings, 91, 162
NAFTA trade, 162, 165
ports, 161
Middle East
accidents involving tires, 58
oil reserves, 227
Military aircraft manufacturing, 232, 233
Military forces and materiel
movement of, 217-219
reliance on ships and aircraft, 215
Mineral fuels. See Oil
Minivans. See Light trucks and vans
Mississippi, vehicle-miles of travel, 87
Mississippi Delta Region, communities beyond reasonable access distance, 96-97
MMLD. See Merchant Mariner Licensing and Documentation System
Mobile source air toxics (MSATs), 190-192
Mobility and accessibility
access difficulties cited, 103-104, 109
air carrier freight, 84, 117-120
airline delays, 5, 84, 112-114
border crossings, 91
classes of hazardous materials shipped, 127-128
commercial freight activity, 4, 83, 84, 123-124
commodity shipments by trucking industry, 131-132
commuting to work, 83, 85, 95, 98-100
container trade, 29, 84, 121-122
cruiseship vacations, 94
disabilities and health factors affecting travel, 108-109
domestic freight shipments, 84, 115-116
enplanements at major U.S. airports, 92-93
highway congestion, 101, 110-111
households without vehicles, 84, 107
intercity public service, 83, 85-86, 96-97
intermodal freight shipments, 129-130
international travel to and from the United States, 83, 89-90
major commodity shipments, 117-120, 125-126
metropolitan areas, 110-111
number of vehicles per household, 83, 105-106
overview, 5, 83-84
passenger ferries, 25, 95
passenger travel, 83, 85-86
reasonable access distance, 96
spatial mismatch, 103-104
transit ridership, 102
trip chaining, 101
vehicle-miles of travel, 5, 83, 87-88
welfare to work and, 103-104
Motor Carrier Act of 1980, 18
Motor carrier industry, 18-19, 242. See also Bus companies; Trucking industry
Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act, 59
Motor vehicle crashes. See Crashes
Motorboats. See Recreational boating
Motorcyclists
alcohol-related fatalities, 52
fatalities, 41, 42, 43, 45, 52
MPOs. See Metropolitan planning organizations
MSATs. See Mobile source air toxics
MSP. See Maritime Administration Security Program
MSW. See Municipal solid waste
MTBE. See Methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether
Municipal solid waste (MSW), 201
N
NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement trade
Narcotics confiscation, 215, 234, 235
NASS GES. See National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System
National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System (NASS GES), 46
National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF), 217
National Emission Trends database, 186
National Environmental Policy Act, 203
National Health Interview Survey on Disability (NHIS-D), 108
National Highway Planning network, 245
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
cost of crashes, 48-49
crash statistics, 46
tire safety standards, 58
National Household Travel Survey, 242-243
National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems, 31
National security
aircraft manufacturing and, 215, 232-233
alien smuggling and interdiction, 8, 216, 236-237
dependence on imported oil, 8, 215, 228-229
drug smuggling and interdiction, 8, 216, 234-235
international terrorism and civil aviation, 215, 224-226
merchant shipbuilding/repair and, 8, 215, 230-231
movement of military forces and materiel, 215, 217-219
overview, 7, 215-216
terrorist threats to transportation, 8, 215, 220-221
transportation-related sectors of the economy and, 215
vulnerability of infrastructure to terrorism, 215, 222-223
world petroleum reserves and, 215, 227
National Shipbuilding and Conversion Act of 1993, 231
National Spatial Data Infrastructure, 245
National Transit Database, 241
National Transportation Atlas Database program, 245
National Transportation Library (NTL), 245
Nationwide Airport Noise Impact Model, 194
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), 61, 63, 99, 101
NDRF. See National Defense Reserve Fleet
Nebraska, access to intercity public transportation, 97
Nevada, air traffic hub, 92, 93
New Hampshire, safety belt use laws, 55
New Jersey, ferry service, 95
New Mexico
Carlsbad pipeline rupture, 75-76
vehicle-miles of travel, 87
New Orleans, Louisiana, enplanements, 92
New York
border crossings, 91, 162
enplanements, 92
environmental justice case, 208
ferry service, 95
introduction of harmful species, 210
JFK airport, international shipments, 156
NAFTA trade, 162, 165
ports, 161
vehicle-miles of travel, 87
NHIS-D. See National Health Interview Survey on Disability
NHTSA. See National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Niger, oil reserves, 227
Nitrogen oxide emissions, 7, 169, 186, 187
Noise, aircraft, 7, 193-194
Noise Compatibility Program, 193
Nonattainment areas, 186, 189
Nonpetroleum sources of energy, 173
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) trade, 136, 161-165
North and South Dakota, access to intercity public transportation, 96, 97
North Carolina
environmental justice case, 208
NAFTA trade, 162, 165
North Sea area, oil production, 228
NPIAS. See National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems
NPTS. See Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey
NTL. See National Transportation Library
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, hazardous materials transportation safety, 77
O
OAI. See Office of Airline Information
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 123
Occupant crash protection, 55-57
air bags, 55
failure to use, 40
Ocean Shipping Reform Act (OSRA), 18
Office of Airline Information (OAI), Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 241
Office of Intelligence and Security (OIS) Survey of DOT Operating Administrations, 244
Office of the Inspector General (OIG), hazardous materials data, 244
Office of Tourism Industries, 89
Ohio
enplanements, 92
NAFTA trade, 162, 165
OIG. See Office of the Inspector General
Oil
Alaskan crude oil shipments, 84
consumption, 8, 215, 228-229
dependence on imports, 8, 176, 215, 228-229
non-OPEC production, 228
shipments, 125, 126
U.S. trade, 155
used, 201
world crude oil prices, 176-177
Oil reserves, U.S., 227
Oil spills, 7, 169, 195-196
OIS. See Office of Intelligence and Security
Oklahoma
Oklahoma City bombing, 220
vehicle-miles of travel, 87
Omnibus Survey, 9, 62, 65, 242
OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, 217
Operation New Frontier, 234
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 8, 176, 228
Orlando, Florida, air traffic hub, 92, 93
OSRA. See Ocean Shipping Reform Act
Oxygenates, 174
P
Pan Am Flight 103, 225
Parcel post, 117-120
Parking services, employment, 139
Passenger cars. See also Crashes
air bags, 55
alcohol-related fatalities, 52
fatalities, 39-40, 41, 42, 45, 52
fuel efficiency, 180-181
number of, 47
percentage of transportation energy use, 171, 172
price increases for private transportation, 146
risk exposure, 43
vehicle-miles of travel, 87
Passenger data, 242-243
Passenger-miles of travel (pmt), 5, 83, 85-86, 178
Passenger vessels, incidents and fatalities, 70, 71
Pedestrians
alcohol use and crashes, 48, 63, 65
collisions with bicycles, 62
fatalities, 4, 41, 42, 46, 63-65
risk exposure, 43, 63
Pennsylvania, NAFTA trade, 162, 165
People's Republic of China. See China
Performance measures, 9, 243-244
Persian Gulf. See Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm
Personal flotation devices (PFDs), 72
Personal watercraft accidents, 72
Petroleum
combustion and greenhouse gas emissions, 184
major suppliers of U.S. petroleum products, 155-156, 229
NAFTA and, 161
national security and world petroleum reserves, 227
production and consumption, 169, 173, 228
shipments, 159
transportation's reliance on, 227
underground storage tanks, 170, 199-200
U.S. trade, 155
PFDs. See Personal flotation devices
Pickup trucks. See Light trucks and vans
Pilots
fatalities, 79, 80
pilot error, 68
Pipelines
accidents and fatalities, 42, 44, 75-76
bombings, 223
cyber-terrorism, 223
extent, 3, 15, 16
fuel costs, 148
impact of high gas prices, 147
labor productivity, 144, 145
oil spills, 169, 195, 196
percentage of transportation energy use, 172
pipeline age, 75-76
pmt. See Passenger-miles of travel
Population
increase, 85
vehicle-miles of travel and, 87-88
Portland, Oregon, enplanements, 92
Ports and cargo handling services, 18, 29-30, 121
dredging, 197-198
harmful species introduction, 211
international merchandise trade, 155-158
NAFTA and, 161
North American cruise passenger ports, 94
Positive train control (PTC) systems, 21
PRC. See China
President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection, 223
Private carriers. See In-house transportation
Private transportation services
consumer price indexes, 146
percentage of household transportation expenses, 149, 151-152
Productivity loss from crashes, 48, 49
Property loss from crashes, 48, 49
PTC. See Positive train control systems
Public transportation. See Transit
Purchased transportation services
consumer price indexes, 146
percentage of household transportation expenses, 149
R
Railroad industry
commodity shipments, 131, 132
commuter rail, 25, 26, 102
energy intensity, 178, 179
freight, 17, 178, 179
fuel costs, 147, 148
heavy rail, 102
impact of higher fuel prices, 147
intercity rail, 96, 97, 178
labor productivity, 135, 144, 145
light rail ridership, 102
military use, 218
NAFTA shipments, 161
transit, 25-26, 85, 96-97, 102
worker fatalities, 79, 80
Railroads and railways
access to, 96, 97
accidents and fatalities, 4, 41, 42, 44, 74, 79, 80
commuter rail, 25, 26, 102
extent, 3, 15
passenger travel, 85-86, 96-97, 102
positive train control systems, 21
terrorist and criminal attacks, 222-223
trespassing and railroad fatalities, 74
urban transit, 25-26
Ready Reserve Force (RRF) ships, 217
Reasonable access distance, 96
Reckless operation of vehicles, highway crashes and, 40
Recovered batteries and tires, 7, 170, 201
Recreational aircraft. See General aviation
Recreational boating
accidents, injuries, and fatalities, 41, 42, 44, 70, 71, 72-73
Reformulated gasoline (RFG), 174
Replacement fuels, 174-175
Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA), hazardous materials data, 244
Reverse Commute programs, 104
RFG. See Reformulated gasoline
Rollovers, vehicle, 4, 47
RRF. See Ready Reserve Force ships
RSPA. See Research and Special Programs Administration
Rumble strips, 46
Run-off-the-road (ROR) crashes, 46
Rural areas
access to intercity public transportation, 96-97
bridge conditions, 33, 35
bus stop elimination, 19
highway crashes, 50-51
household transportation spending, 149-150
roads and highways, 22, 32
S
Safety belts and safety belt laws, 55-57
Safety Data Action Plan, 243, 244
San Diego, California, enplanements, 92
San Francisco, California
air traffic hub, 92, 93
ferry service, 95
international shipments, 156
Saudi Arabia
Explorer tire replacements, 58
supplier of U.S. oil, 156, 228
Sealifts, military. See Military forces and materiel
Sediment, contaminated, 7, 170, 197
Senior citizens, transportation spending, 150
Service station industry, employment, 139
Ship Financing Program (Title XI) of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, 230-231
Shipbuilding. See Merchant shipbuilding and repair
Shipping industry, 17-18. See also Commodity shipments
improving usage of vessels, 159
Ships
design changes, 29
incidents involving commercial vessels, 70-71
number in NDRF, 217
U.S.-flagged, 3, 27-28, 217
Shoulder rumble strips, 46
Side-impact crashes, 47
South Carolina, pipeline spill, 195
South Korea, merchant shipbuilding, 230
Spatial mismatch, 103-104
Speed limits
55 mph limit and crashes, 50
speed-related crashes, 48
Sport utility vehicles (SUVs). See Light trucks and vans
Sprawl, impacts, 170, 205-207
Staggers Act of 1980, 17
STRAHNET. See Strategic Highway Network
Strategic Highway Network (STRAHNET), 218, 219
Styrene, 190, 192
Subways
extent, 15
terrorist attacks, 220
Superfund sites, environmental justice case, 209
SUVs. See Light trucks and vans
T
Tank barges, 27
Tankers, 27
Taxicab drivers, fatalities, 79, 80
TEA-21. See Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century
Telecommunications equipment, NAFTA and, 161
Terrorism
bombings and arson attacks, 220, 223
civil aviation and, 215, 222, 223, 224-226
fatalities, 215, 220, 222, 224
terrorist threats to transportation, 8, 215, 220-221
vulnerability of infrastructure to, 215, 222-223
Texas
air traffic hubs, 92, 93
border crossings, 91, 161, 162
NAFTA trade, 162, 165
oil reserves, 227
ports, 156, 161, 162
vehicle-miles of travel, 87
Texas Transportation Institute (TTI), congestion study, 110-111
Tires
disposed, 7, 170, 201, 202
recalls, 4, 58
Tokyo, Japan, subway terrorist attack, 220
Toluene, 190, 192
Tourists and tourism, 83, 89-90
Towboats and tugboats, incidents and fatalities, 70, 71
Toxic air pollutant emissions, 190-192
Trade flows by truck, 161-162, 164, 165
Trade imbalance, increased shipping costs and, 84
Trade partners
by air, 158
by all modes, 155
NAFTA trade, 161-165
by value and weight, 158
world maritime arena, 159
Traffic signal control, 20
Trains. See Railroad industry; Railroads and railways
Transit. See also Buses; Commuter rail; Ferries; Railroads and railways; Subways
disabled rider use, 108-109
environmental justice and, 170, 208
extent, 15
fatalities, 41, 42, 44
fuel costs, 147, 148
impact of higher fuel prices, 147
ridership, 102, 108-109
share of commuters, 98, 99
urban, 25-26, 85-86, 96-97
welfare recipients and, 103-104
Transit Zone, 234
Transportation, public. See Transit
Transportation costs, per dollar of output by major industry, 143
Transportation equipment
disposed, 243
manufacturing, 139
U.S. export, 155
Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century(TEA-21), 19, 104, 161-162, 245, 246
Transportation indicators, 9, 245
Transportation industry. See also For-hire transportation; In-house transportation; specific industries by mode
GDP growth, 6, 137-138
greenhouse gas emissions, 7, 169, 184-185
modal share of air pollutants, 188
restructuring and consolidation of, 17-19
Transportation infrastructure, 13
demand placed by foreign nationals, 89
loss of wetlands, 170, 203
vulnerability to terrorism, 215, 222-223
Transportation Infrastructure Capital Stock Account, 153
Transportation planning, environmental justice case, 209
Transportation prices, 146
Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation (TREAD) Act, 58
Transportation Research Board, sprawl studies, 205
Transportation safety, 3, 39-40
Transportation Satellite Accounts, 147, 246
Transportation statistics. See also specific databases by name or agency/department
airline data, 241-242
compiling, storing, and disseminating data, 244-246
data collection, 9, 241-243
data gaps, 243
data quality, 243-244
database audits, 244
economics and the transportation system, 246
energy and environmental data, 243
freight and passenger data, 242-243
geographic information systems, 245
hazardous materials data, 244
information technology and, 246
international trade data, 245-246
motor carrier data, 242
National Transportation Library, 245
overview, 9, 241, 247
performance measures, 9, 243-244
Safety Data Action Plan, 243, 244
transportation indicators, 9, 245
transportation system data, 242
transportation workers, 246
Transportation system
condition, 3 (See also specific industries)
data, 242
economics and, 246
extent, 3, 13, 14-15 (See also specific components and industries)
financing, 246
terrorist threats to, 8, 215, 220-221
Transportation wastes, 201-202
Transportation workers, 246
occupational fatalities, 4, 71, 79-80
occupations in nontransportation industries, 139
Travel
disabilities and health factors affecting, 108-109
energy intensity of, 178-179
international travel to and from the United States, 89-90
passenger, 83, 85-86
to work (See Commuting to work)
Travel spending, 85, 89
TREAD. See Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation Act
Trip chaining, 101
Trolley buses, 25
Truck drivers, fatalities, 79, 80
Trucking industry, 18-19. See also For-hire transportation; In-house transportation
commodity shipments, 84, 131-132
data, 242
employment, 139
energy use, 178
freight movement, 84, 115-116, 124
fuel costs, 148
impact of higher fuel prices, 147
international trade shipments, 156
labor productivity, 144, 145
NAFTA shipments, 161
percent of GDP, 142
TTI. See Texas Transportation Institute
Tugboats, incidents and fatalities, 70, 71
TWA Flight 800, 225
U
Underground Storage Tank Program, 199
Underground storage tank leaks, 170, 199-200
Unified Shipper Enforcement Data System, 244
United Kingdom
trade partner, 156
visitors from, 90
United Nation's Framework Convention on Climate Change, 184-185
University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, frontal collision study, 47
Urban areas
bicycle fatalities, 61
bridge conditions, 35
environmental justice case, 208
highway congestion, 101, 110-111
highway crashes, 50-51
household transportation spending, 149-150
job decentralization, 104
roads and highways, 22, 32
wetland losses, 170, 203
Urban sprawl, 170, 205-207
Urban transit, 25-26, 85-86, 96-97. See also specific modes
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, dredging operations, 7, 197-198
U.S. borders. See Borders, U.S.
U.S. Census Bureau, international trade data, 156
U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)
drug and alien interdiction, 8, 216, 234-235, 236-237
Maritime Differential GPS, 20-21
oil spill response, 195
U.S. Conference of Mayors, survey of municipal officials, 103
U.S. Customs Service, air interdiction of drugs, 234
U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)
military aircraft manufacturing, 232, 233
movement of military forces and materiel, 217-219
reliance on commercial transportation, 217
reliance on ships and aircraft, 215
STRAHNET, 218, 219
U.S. Department of Energy
carbon emissions increase, 184
Energy Information Administration, 182, 185, 227, 228, 243
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics occupational injury data, 79-80
U.S. Department of Transportation. See also specific agencies
Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting, 185, 243
ITS Joint Program Office, 20
National Transportation Library (NTL), 245
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 182, 185, 190, 197, 199, 201, 243
U.S.-flagged vessels, 3, 27-28
military use, 217
U.S. Geological Survey, world oil resources estimates, 227
U.S. merchant marines, military use, 217
U.S. Navy Military Sealift Command, 217
USCG. See U.S. Coast Guard
Used motor oil, 201
V
Vehicle bombs, 220
Vehicle inspections, large trucks, 59-60
Vehicle-miles of travel, 5, 83, 87-88
Vehicle size and weight
crashes and, 47
fuel efficiency and, 180
Vehicle stocks, real growth in highway capital stocks compared to, 154
Vehicles. See also specific vehicles by type
alternative fueled, 175
household, 105-106, 149-150
households without, 107
parts and accessories NAFTA trade, 161
parts and accessories shipped, 125, 126
percentage of transportation energy use, 171
shipped, 131
trends, 23
U.S. trade, 155
U.S. vehicle fleet, 3, 23, 87
Venezuela
Explorer tire replacements, 58
supplier of U.S. oil, 228
Vessel design changes, 29
Visitors Arrivals Program (Form I-94), 89
vmt. See Vehicle-miles of travel
Volatile organic compounds, 169, 186, 187, 190, 192
W
Warehousing industry, 140, 141
employment, 139
Washington
border crossings, 162
NAFTA trade, 162, 165
Washington, DC
environmental justice case, 208
vehicle-miles of travel, 87
Waste dumps and transfer stations, environmental justice case, 208, 209
Water pollution
contaminated sediment, 170, 197
oil spills, 7, 169, 195-196
Water transportation, 17-18. See also Commercial vessels; Cruise line industry
congestion, 84
extent, 3, 16
fuel costs, 147, 148
impact of high gas prices, 147
labor productivity, 144
NAFTA shipments, 161
water ton-miles, 84, 115
waterborne trade, 5, 29-30, 84, 156, 159-160
worker fatalities, 79, 80
Weather conditions
crashes and, 50
general aviation accidents, 68
pedestrian fatalities and, 63
Welfare to work, mobility and accessibility and, 103-104
West Nile Virus, 210, 212
West Siberia, oil reserves, 227
Wetlands, 170, 203-204
Wheelchair access problems, 108
White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security, 225
Work. See Employment
World container trade, 121
World crude oil prices, 176-177
World petroleum reserves, national security and, 227
Wyoming, vehicle-miles of travel, 87
X
Xylene, 190, 192
Z
Zebra mussel, 210