TABLE D-1 Travel Time Index by Metro Area: 1993 and 2003
TABLE D-1 Travel Time Index by Metro Area: 1993 and 2003
The Travel Time Index (TTI) is the ratio of peak period travel time to free-flow travel time. It expresses the average amount of extra time it takes to travel in the peak period relative to free-flow travel.
| Urban areas | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akron, OH | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.09 |
| Albany-Schenectady, NY | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.08 |
| Albuquerque, NM | 1.14 | 1.18 | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.26 | 1.24 | 1.21 | 1.20 | 1.17 | 1.17 |
| Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.14 |
| Anchorage, AK | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.05 |
| Atlanta, GA | 1.18 | 1.24 | 1.26 | 1.29 | 1.31 | 1.34 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.40 | 1.42 | 1.46 |
| Austin, TX | 1.14 | 1.17 | 1.20 | 1.23 | 1.26 | 1.24 | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.30 | 1.31 | 1.33 |
| Bakersfield, CA | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.07 |
| Baltimore, MD | 1.20 | 1.22 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.26 | 1.25 | 1.26 | 1.27 | 1.30 | 1.35 | 1.37 |
| Beaumont, TX | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.07 |
| Birmingham, AL | 1.08 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.17 |
| Boston, MA-NH-RI | 1.26 | 1.27 | 1.25 | 1.26 | 1.29 | 1.30 | 1.29 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.35 | 1.34 |
| Boulder, CO | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.08 |
| Bridgeport-Stamford, CT-NY | 1.15 | 1.17 | 1.19 | 1.18 | 1.21 | 1.24 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.27 | 1.30 | 1.29 |
| Brownsville, TX | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.06 |
| Buffalo, NY | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.10 |
| Cape Coral, FL | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.17 | 1.18 |
| Charleston-North Charleston, SC | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.15 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.20 |
| Charlotte, NC-SC | 1.17 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 1.19 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.31 | 1.31 |
| Chicago, IL-IN | 1.34 | 1.33 | 1.38 | 1.44 | 1.43 | 1.47 | 1.47 | 1.44 | 1.47 | 1.54 | 1.57 |
| Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN | 1.15 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.20 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.22 |
| Cleveland, OH | 1.08 | 1.10 | 1.13 | 1.15 | 1.17 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.09 |
| Colorado Springs, CO | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.13 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 1.21 | 1.22 | 1.21 | 1.19 |
| Columbia, SC | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 |
| Columbus, OH | 1.14 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.20 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 1.18 | 1.19 | 1.19 |
| Corpus Christi, TX | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.05 |
| Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.21 | 1.22 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 1.32 | 1.33 | 1.35 | 1.36 |
| Dayton, OH | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.08 |
| Denver-Aurora, CO | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.30 | 1.33 | 1.37 | 1.39 | 1.38 | 1.41 | 1.45 | 1.40 | 1.40 |
| Detroit, MI | 1.36 | 1.33 | 1.32 | 1.33 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 1.35 | 1.33 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 1.38 |
| El Paso, TX-NM | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.14 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 1.17 |
| Eugene, OR | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.11 |
| Fresno, CA | 1.12 | 1.11 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 1.20 | 1.19 | 1.16 | 1.15 | 1.14 |
| Grand Rapids, MI | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.14 |
| Hartford, CT | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.11 |
| Honolulu, HI | 1.21 | 1.22 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.20 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.18 | 1.19 |
| Houston, TX | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.28 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.34 | 1.37 | 1.36 | 1.38 | 1.41 | 1.42 |
| Indianapolis, IN | 1.16 | 1.20 | 1.22 | 1.25 | 1.26 | 1.22 | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.26 | 1.24 | 1.24 |
| Jacksonville, FL | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.16 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.18 |
| Kansas City, MO-KS | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.11 |
| Laredo, TX | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.08 |
| Las Vegas, NV | 1.24 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.30 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.34 | 1.34 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 1.39 |
| Little Rock, AK | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.06 |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA | 1.73 | 1.64 | 1.72 | 1.78 | 1.77 | 1.83 | 1.80 | 1.76 | 1.78 | 1.77 | 1.75 |
| Louisville, KY-IN | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.19 | 1.21 | 1.22 | 1.24 | 1.23 | 1.22 | 1.24 | 1.24 |
| Memphis, TN-MS-AR | 1.11 | 1.14 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.22 | 1.22 |
| Miami, FL | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.28 | 1.29 | 1.30 | 1.31 | 1.34 | 1.35 | 1.37 | 1.40 | 1.42 |
| Milwaukee, WI | 1.17 | 1.16 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.22 | 1.25 | 1.24 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.21 |
| Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN | 1.16 | 1.20 | 1.22 | 1.23 | 1.30 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.32 | 1.34 | 1.34 | 1.34 |
| Nashville-Davidson, TN | 1.09 | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.16 | 1.15 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.19 | 1.18 |
| New Haven, CT | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.13 |
| New Orleans, LA | 1.16 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.19 |
| New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT | 1.28 | 1.31 | 1.33 | 1.34 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.40 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.40 | 1.39 |
| Oklahoma City, OK | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.10 |
| Omaha, NE-IA | 1.10 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 1.18 |
| Orlando, FL | 1.21 | 1.20 | 1.21 | 1.22 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.27 | 1.28 | 1.30 | 1.31 | 1.30 |
| Oxnard-Ventura, CA | 1.10 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.23 |
| Pensacola, FL-AL | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 |
| Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 1.20 | 1.21 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.27 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.31 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.32 |
| Phoenix, AZ | 1.27 | 1.28 | 1.24 | 1.30 | 1.33 | 1.31 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.40 | 1.35 | 1.35 |
| Pittsburgh, PA | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 |
| Portland, OR-WA | 1.24 | 1.25 | 1.28 | 1.31 | 1.35 | 1.34 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 1.39 | 1.38 | 1.37 |
| Providence, RI-MA | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.18 | 1.19 |
| Raleigh-Durham, NC | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.16 | 1.19 | 1.18 | 1.19 |
| Richmond, VA | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.09 |
| Riverside-San Bernardino, CA | 1.27 | 1.23 | 1.26 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.32 | 1.34 | 1.37 |
| Rochester, NY | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.07 |
| Sacramento, CA | 1.19 | 1.22 | 1.21 | 1.24 | 1.23 | 1.25 | 1.27 | 1.29 | 1.32 | 1.34 | 1.37 |
| Salem, OR | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.11 |
| Salt Lake City, UT | 1.13 | 1.15 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.23 | 1.26 | 1.28 |
| San Antonio, TX | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.16 | 1.22 | 1.24 | 1.22 | 1.23 | 1.22 |
| San Diego, CA | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.23 | 1.25 | 1.26 | 1.32 | 1.32 | 1.32 | 1.40 | 1.41 |
| San Francisco-Oakland, CA | 1.44 | 1.40 | 1.45 | 1.45 | 1.42 | 1.47 | 1.49 | 1.54 | 1.54 | 1.55 | 1.54 |
| San Jose, CA | 1.34 | 1.33 | 1.34 | 1.33 | 1.30 | 1.34 | 1.39 | 1.42 | 1.43 | 1.39 | 1.37 |
| Sarasota-Bradenton, FL | 1.18 | 1.19 | 1.16 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.24 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.25 | 1.25 |
| Seattle, WA | 1.35 | 1.34 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.40 | 1.39 | 1.40 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 1.38 |
| Spokane, WA | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.08 |
| Springfield, MA-CT | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.06 |
| St. Louis, MO-IL | 1.18 | 1.19 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.22 |
| Tampa-St. Petersburg, FL | 1.30 | 1.32 | 1.32 | 1.31 | 1.29 | 1.28 | 1.29 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 1.31 | 1.33 |
| Toledo, OH-MI | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.10 |
| Tucson, AZ | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.19 | 1.22 | 1.28 | 1.31 |
| Tulsa, OK | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 |
| Virginia Beach, VA | 1.13 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 1.20 | 1.21 |
| Washington, DC-VA-MD | 1.38 | 1.37 | 1.40 | 1.44 | 1.43 | 1.46 | 1.47 | 1.44 | 1.46 | 1.50 | 1.51 |
| 85-Area Average | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.29 | 1.31 | 1.32 | 1.34 | 1.35 | 1.34 | 1.35 | 1.37 | 1.37 |
| Very Large Area Average | 1.38 | 1.37 | 1.40 | 1.43 | 1.43 | 1.46 | 1.46 | 1.45 | 1.47 | 1.49 | 1.48 |
| Large Area Average | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.25 | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.27 | 1.28 | 1.28 |
| Medium Area Average | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.18 |
| Small Area Average | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 |
NOTE: To determine the increased travel time, a TTI of 1.3, for example, indicates a 20-minute free-flow trip will take 26 minutes during the peak travel time periods, a 6-minute (30 percent) travel time penalty.
SOURCE: Texas A&M University, Texas Transportation Institute, 2005 Urban Mobility Report (College Station, TX: 2005), also available at http://tti.tamu.edu/, as of July 2006.