This technical report describes the development of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) Freight Analysis Framework version 5 (FAF5) annual estimates. The FAF dataset of U.S. commodity flow estimates provides a comprehensive national picture of freight movements among states and major metropolitan areas by all commodity types and freight transportation modes. Estimates include domestic and foreign flows. BTS releases a new FAF benchmark every 5 years. To provide more timely estimates, BTS develops annual estimates and preliminary annual estimates for intervening years. This report documents the data sources, methods, assumptions, and benchmarking used to develop these estimates.